بررسی ویژگی های روانسنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد در نمونه ایی از نیروهای نظامی ایران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

2 گروه پرستاری، دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی آمل، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران

3 پژوهشکده اخلاق و روانشناسی، دانشگاه قرآن و حدیث، قم، ایران

4 مرکز تحقیقات فیزیولوژی ورزشی، پژوهشکده سبک زندگی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: سلامت روانشناختی و بهزیستی پرسنل نظامی بر عملکرد آن­‌ها در سطح فردی و ملی موثر است. یکی از متغیرهایی که می­‌تواند بر سلامت روانشناختی تاثیر گذاشته و موجب ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی نظامیان شود، شادکامی است. جهت ارزیابی سطح شادکامی نظامیان و یا ارزیابی مداخلات آموزشی و درمانی مرتبط با آن، نیاز به وجود ابزار استاندارد و هنجار شده می­‌باشد. بنابر این، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی خصوصیات روانسنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد در نظامیان بود.
روش‌ها: این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی از نوع روش شناختی بود. به این منظور، سه واحد نظامی در شهر تهران به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند. سپس 403 نفر از نظامیان به صورت نمونه­‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب و پرسشنامه­‌های شادکامی آکسفورد، پرسشنامه رضایت زندگی، پرسشنامه شخصیت نئو (NEO-60) و پرسشنامه جمعیت‌­شناختی محقق ساخته را تکمیل نمودند. داده‌­های گردآوری شده با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی، همبستگی پیرسون به وسیله نرم افزار SPSS-22 و Amos-22 تحلیل شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تحلیل اکتشافی  داده ها نشان داد که نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد در نظامیان ساختار 4 عاملی (رضایت زندگی، بهزیستی، اجتماعی بودن ، کنترل و خودکارآمدی) دارد. این چهار عامل روی هم رفته 41 درصد واریانس شادکامی را تبین نمودند. این عوامل به وسیله تحلیل عاملی تاییدی مورد تایید قرار گرفت (064/RAMSEA =، 91/=0CFI، 92/0IFI=). روایی صوری آزمون نیز مورد تایید قرار گرفت. نتایج روایی همگرا نشان داد که تمامی زیر مؤلفه ها و نمره کل پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد و پرسشنامه رضایت زندگی (56/0= r ،001/0P <)  و پرسشنامه شخصیت نئو (خرده مقیاس برون گرایی) همبستگی مثبت و معنادار داشت (59 /0=r ، 001/0>P ). روایی واگرا نیز از طریق همبستگی منفی و معنادار بین پرسشنامه شادکامی اکسفورد و پرسشنامه شخصیت نئو (خرده مقیاس روان رنجورخویی) مورد تایید قرار گرفت (61/0-=r، 001/0>P ). نتایج پایایی پرسشنامه با روش آزمون- بازآزمون در طی دو هفته (82/0-79/0) و همسانی درونی با روش آلفای کرونباخ (84/0) نشان از پایایی زمانی و همسانی درونی خوب این ابزار داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه شادکامی آکسفورد در نیروهای نظامی دارای روایی و پایایی مناسبی است و می‌توان برای سنجش شادکامی و مطالعات روانشناختی در نیروهای نظامی از آن استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


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Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. 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Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. : 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5. 1. Peterson C, Seligman M E P. Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.2004. 2. Shogren K A, Lopez S J, Wehmeyed M L, Little T D, Pressgrove C L. The role of Positive Psychology constructs in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents with and without cognitive disabilities: exploratory study. The journal of positive psychology.2006; 1(1):37-59. 3. Snyder C R , Lopez S G. Positive Psychology, New York Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.2007. 4. Karwoski GMG .on the integration of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and positive psychology. j cogn psychology .2006:20(2):162-6. 5. Sepehrian-Azar F , Mohammadi N , Badalpoor Z, Norozzadeh V. The Relationship between Hope and Happiness with Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Health and Care.2016; 18( 1), 37-44. 6. Duckworth A L, Steen T A, Seligman M. Positive psychology in Clinical practice. Annual review of Clinical psychology.2005; 1, 629-951. 7. Bradburn, N. The structure of psychological wellbeing.1996. Chicago: Aldine. 8. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H S. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research.1999 ; 46, 137-155. 9. Joseph S, Linley P A, Harwood J, Lewis C A, McCollam P. Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale(SDHS. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice).2004; 77, 463-478. 11. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters.1989. In J. P. Forgas & J. M. Innes (Eds), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective, (pp. 189-203). North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers. 12. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2002; 33, 1071-1082. 13. Francis L J, Brown L B, Lester D, Philipchalk R. Examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford happiness inventory among students in the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences.1998; 24, 167–171. 14. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran. The Spanish Journal of Psychology.2008; 11(1):310-313. 15. Hadinejad M,Zareie F. Reliability, validity, and standardization of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Psychological research.2009; 12(2), 62-76. 16. Alipour A, Agah Heris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among iranians. Developmental Psychology. Iranian Psychologists. 2007; 3(12): 287-298. 17. Wren TA, Sheng M, Bowen RE, et al. Concurrent and discriminant validity of Spanish language instruments for measuring functional health status. J Pediatr Orthoped. 2008;28(2):199–212. 18. khodadadi sangdeh J , Ahmadi kh, Amoosti F. Family factors that interfere with healthy of military families: A qualitative study. Journal of military Psychology.2015; 6( 21), 51-62. 19. Comrey Andrew L, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. 20. Najafi M, Dehshiri Gh , Dabiri S, Sheikhi M. Psychometric Properties of Farsi Version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among College Students.2013. Educational Measurement.2013; 3(10), 55. 21. Bayani A, Koocheky M, Goodarzi H.The realibility and validity of the satisfaction with life scale.journal of Iranian psychology.2007;3(11). 22. Anisi, J. Validity and reliability of NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) on university students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2012; 5(4): 351-355 23. Broder H.L, McGrath C, Cisneros G.J. Questionnaire development: face validity and item impact testing of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35: 8-19. 24. Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess. 1995;7(3):286–99. 25. Abedi M R, Mirshah Jafari E, Liaghatdar M J. Standardization of the Oxford Happiness Inventory in Students of Isfahan University. IJPCP. 2006; 12 (2):95-100. 26. Liaghatdar M J, Jafari M, Abedi M R, Samiee F. Reliability and Validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among University Students in Iran.The Spanis JournalofPsychology.2008 ;11(1):310-313. 27. Singh K, Shalimi DJ. Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 2008; 34:40-5. 28. Maltaby J, Day L, Mccutcheon LE, Gillett R, Houran J, Ashe DD. Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology. 2004; 95(4):411-28. doi: 10.1348/0007126042369794 29. Lee SB. P02-243 life satisfaction, depression and for Korean elderly people. European Psychiatry. 2011; 26(1):839. doi: 10.1016/ s0924-9338(11)72544-5