خود مدیریتی بیماری با استفاده از برنامه های کاربردی سلامت موبایل: مروری بر چند بیماری، عملکردها و اثرات آن در نیروهای نظامی

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

2 مرکز تحقیقات آسیب‎های شیمیایی، انستیتو سیستم بیولوژی و مسمومیت‎ها، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

3 مرکز تحقیقات ویروس شناسی کاربردی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

4 مرکز تحقیقات مدیریت سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

5 مرکز تحقیقات ژنتیک انسانی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: تله‌­ماتیک یا رسانه­‌های جدید الکترونیک سلامت یک موضوع رو به رشد است که در حال تبدیل شدن به یک پیشرفت عمده در زندگی بیماران، به ویژه در سالمندان، معلولان و بیماران مزمن است. در این زمینه، سلامت سیار خدمات مراقبت‌­های بهداشتی را ارائه می‌­دهد و بر موانع جغرافیایی، زمانی و حتی سازمانی غلبه می­‌کند. در این مطالعه مروری، خدمات و برنامه‌های کاربردی سلامت سیار در بیماری‌­های مختلف و کارآزمایی­‌های بالینی انجام شده در ارتباط با اپلیکیشن­‌های سلامت محور و چالش­‌های پیش رو را مورد بررسی قرار می‌­دهیم.
روش‌ها: در مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند حاضر جهت استخراج مطالعات مرتبط، در پایگاه­‌های اطلاعاتی داخلی و خارجی شامل PubMed، SID،Science Direct ، Scopus و Magiran با کلید واژه‌­های خود­مدیریتی بیماری، سلامت الکترونیک، مراقبت‌­های بهداشتی، تله­‌ماتیک و سلامت سیار از سال 1390 الی 1400 با هر دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی براساس راهبرد جستجو انجام گردید. مقالات براساس معیارهای ورود وارد مطالعه شدند.
یافته‌ها: طبق بررسی مقالات مشخص گردید مشکلات جسمانی و سلامت روان، چالش­‌هایی را برای کهنه سربازان ارتش، نیروهای بازگشته از خدمت و اعضای خانواده نظامی از جمله همسر و فرزندان ایجاد می­‌کند. چالش‌های رفع نیازهای سلامت جسمانی و روانی شامل بهبود دسترسی و کیفیت مراقبت است که سلامت سیار می‌تواند به رفع این نیازها در محیط‌های پادگانی و غیرنظامی کمک کند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با مشارکت گسترده‌تر اعضای انجمن‌های مراقبت‌های بهداشتی و انفورماتیک، چه از بخش‌های خصوصی و چه از بخش‌های دولتی، مقررات مرتبط با بکارگیری اپلیکیشن­‌های حوزه سلامت مناسب و معقول خواهند شد، مشروط بر اینکه این مقررات برای برنامه‌های پزشکی سیار که خطرات بالقوه‌ای برای سلامت عمومی ایجاد می‌کنند، اعمال شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


1. Van De Belt TH, Engelen LJ, Berben SA, Schoonhoven L. Definition of Health 2.0 and Medicine 2.0: a systematic review. Journal of medical internet research. 2010 Jun 11;12(2): e1350. 2. Mariani AW, Pêgo-Fernandes PM. Telemedicine: a technological revolution. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2012; 130:277-8. 3. Oh H, Rizo C, Enkin M, Jadad A. What is eHealth (3): a systematic review of published definitions. Journal of medical internet research. 2005 Feb 24;7(1): e110. 4. Liu C, Zhu Q, Holroyd KA, Seng EK. Status and trends of mobile-health applications for iOS devices: A developer's perspective. Journal of Systems and Software. 2011 Nov 1;84(11):2022-33. 5. El Khaddar MA, Harroud H, Boulmalf M, Elkoutbi M, Habbani A. Emerging wireless technologies in e-health trends, challenges, and framework design issues. In2012 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems 2012 May 10 (pp. 440-445). IEEE. 6. Yang SC. Mobile applications and 4G wireless networks: a framework for analysis. Campus-Wide Information Systems. 2012 Nov 2. 7. Alinejad A, Istepanian RS, Philip N. Dynamic subframe allocation for mobile broadband m-health using IEEE 802.16 j mobile multihop relay networks. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, 2012. 2012: p. 284-7. 8. Alinejad A, Philip N, Istepanian RS. Mapping of multiple parameter m-health scenarios to mobile WiMAX QoS variables. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, 2011. 2011: p. 1532-5. 9. Marinkovic S, Popovici E. Ultra low power signal oriented approach for wireless health monitoring. Sensors. 2012 Jun;12(6):7917-37. 10. Saleh N, Kassem A, Haidar AM. Energy-efficient architecture for wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. IEEE Access. 2018 Jan 5; 6:6478-86. 11. World Health Organization. Disease and injury regional estimates, cause-specific mortality: regional estimates for 2019. URL: http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/global_burden_disease_DTH6_2019.xls. 12. Milliken CS, Auchterlonie JL, Hoge CW. Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. Jama. 2007 Nov 14;298(18):2141-8. 13. Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Riviere LA, McGurk D, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of general psychiatry. 2010 Jun 1;67(6):614-23. 14. Halbauer JD, Ashford JW, Zeitzer JM, Adamson MM, Lew HL, Yesavage JA. Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequelae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development. 2009 Jan 1;46(6):757-96. 15. De Burgh HT, White CJ, Fear NT, Iversen AC. The impact of deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on partners and wives of military personnel. International Review of Psychiatry. 2011 Apr 1;23(2):192-200. 16. Eaton KM, Hoge CW, Messer SC, Whitt AA, Cabrera OA, McGurk D, Cox A, Castro CA. Prevalence of mental health problems, treatment need, and barriers to care among primary care-seeking spouses of military service members involved in Iraq and Afghanistan deployments. Military medicine. 2008 Nov 1;173(11):1051-6. 17. Chartrand MM, Frank DA, White LF, Shope TR. Effect of parents' wartime deployment on the behavior of young children in military families. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2008 Nov 3;162(11):1009-14. 18. Armstrong CM, Hoyt T, Kinn JT, Ciulla RP, Bush NE. Mobile behavioral health applications for the military community: Evaluating the emerging evidence base. Best practices in mental health. 2017 Jan 1;13(1):106-19. 19. Shore JH, Aldag M, McVeigh FL, Hoover RL, Ciulla R, Fisher A. Review of mobile health technology for military mental health. Military medicine. 2014 Aug 1;179(8):865-78. 20. Voth M, Chisholm S, Sollid H, Jones C, Smith-MacDonald L, Brémault-Phillips S. Efficacy, effectiveness, and quality of resilience-building mobile health apps for military, veteran, and public safety personnel populations: scoping literature review and app evaluation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2022 Jan 19;10(1): e26453. 21. Bang M, Timpka T, Eriksson H, Holm E, Nordin C. Mobile phone computing for in-situ cognitive behavioral therapy. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 2007 Jan 1;129(Pt 2):1078-82. 22. Fletcher RR, Tam S, Omojola O, Redemske R, Kwan J. Wearable sensor platform and mobile application for use in cognitive behavioral therapy for drug addiction and PTSD. In2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 1802-1805). IEEE. 23. Puiatti A, Mudda S, Giordano S, Mayora O. Smartphone-centred wearable sensors network for monitoring patients with bipolar disorder. In2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2011 Aug 30 (pp. 3644-3647). IEEE. 24. Rusu C, Zamorski MA, Boulos D, Garber BG. Prevalence comparison of past-year mental disorders and suicidal behaviours in the Canadian Armed Forces and the Canadian general population. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;61(1_suppl):46S-55S. 25. Thériault F, Gabler K, Naicker K. Health and lifestyle information survey of Canadian forces personnel 2013/2014. Regular Force Report. Ottawa, ON: Epidemiology Section, Directorate Force Health Protection Canadian Forces Health Services Group Headquarters. 2016. 26. Thompson J, Van Til L, Poirier A, Sweet J, McKinnon K, Sudom K, Dursun S, Pedlar D. Health and well-being of Canadian armed forces veterans: Findings from the 2013 life after service survey. Veterans Affairs Canada= Anciens combattants Canada; 2014 Jul 3. 27. Carleton RN, Afifi TO, Turner S, Taillieu T, Duranceau S, LeBouthillier DM, Sareen J, Ricciardelli R, MacPhee RS, Groll D, Hozempa K. Mental disorder symptoms among public safety personnel in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018 Jan;63(1):54-64. 28. Tam-Seto L, Wood VM, Linden B, Stuart H. Perceptions of an AI-supported mobile app for military health in the Canadian armed forces. Military behavioral health. 2021 Jul 3;9(3):247-54. 29. Buijink AW, Visser BJ, Marshall L. Medical apps for smartphones: lack of evidence undermines quality and safety. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 2013 Jun 1;18(3):90-2. 30. Lecomte T, Potvin S, Corbière M, Guay S, Samson C, Cloutier B, Francoeur A, Pennou A, Khazaal Y. Mobile apps for mental health issues: meta-review of meta-analyses. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 May 29;8(5):e17458. 31. Kuhn E, Owen JE. Advances in PTSD treatment delivery: the role of digital technology in PTSD treatment. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;7(2):88-102. 32. Shore JH, Aldag M, McVeigh FL, Hoover RL, Ciulla R, Fisher A. Review of mobile health technology for military mental health. Military medicine. 2014 Aug 1;179(8):865-78. 33. Friedl K, Santee WR, Lenhart MK, editors. Military quantitative physiology: problems and concepts in military operational medicine. Government Printing Office; 2012. 34. Barton AJ. The regulation of mobile health applications. BMC medicine. 2012 Dec;10(1):1-4. 35. Eng DS, Lee JM. The promise and peril of mobile health applications for diabetes and endocrinology. Pediatric diabetes. 2013 Jun;14(4):231-8. 36. Atlas D. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 7th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2015. Eur Respir J. 2006; 27:188-207. 37. Maniam A, Dhillon JS. Barriers to the effective use of diabetes self-management applications. InThe 3rd National Graduate Conference Putrajaya: Universiti Tenaga Nasional 2015 (pp. 315-20). 38. Mendiola MF, Kalnicki M, Lindenauer S. Valuable features in mobile health apps for patients and consumers: content analysis of apps and user ratings. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2015 May 13;3(2): e4283. 39. Izahar S, Lean QY, Hameed MA, Murugiah MK, Patel RP, Al-Worafi YM, Wong TW, Ming LC. Content analysis of mobile health applications on diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2017 Nov 27; 8:318. 40. Gimbel R, Shi L, Williams JE, Dye CJ, Chen L, Crawford P, Shry EA, Griffin SF, Jones KO, Sherrill WW, Truong K. Enhancing mHealth technology in the patient-centered medical home environment to activate patients with type 2 diabetes: a multisite feasibility study protocol. JMIR research protocols. 2017 Mar 6;6(3): e6993. 41. Gimbel RW, Rennert LM, Crawford P, Little JR, Truong K, Williams JE, Griffin SF, Shi L, Chen L, Zhang L, Moss JB. Enhancing patient activation and self-management activities in patients with type 2 diabetes using the US Department of Defense mobile health care environment: feasibility study. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020 May 26;22(5): e17968. 42. Goyal S, Morita P, Lewis GF, Yu C, Seto E, Cafazzo JA. The systematic design of a behavioural mobile health application for the self-management of type 2 diabetes. Canadian journal of diabetes. 2016 Feb 1;40(1):95-104. 43. Sittig S, Wang J, Iyengar S, Myneni S, Franklin A. Incorporating behavioral trigger messages into a mobile health app for chronic disease management: Randomized clinical feasibility trial in diabetes. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 Mar 16;8(3): e15927. 44. Ding H, Fatehi F, Russell AW, Karunanithi M, Menon A, Bird D, Gray LC. User experience of an innovative mobile health program to assist in insulin dose adjustment: outcomes of a proof-of-concept trial. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2018 Jul 1;24(7):536-43. 45. Wiggins MS. The partnership care delivery model. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration. 2006 Jul 1;36(7):341-5. 46. Bender MS, Cooper BA, Park LG, Padash S, Arai S. A feasible and efficacious mobile-phone based lifestyle intervention for Filipino Americans with type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial. JMIR diabetes. 2017 Dec 12;2(2): e8156. 47. Bender MS, Santos GM, Villanueva C, Arai S. Development of a mobile phone-based weight loss lifestyle intervention for Filipino Americans with type 2 diabetes: protocol and early results from the PilAm Go4Health randomized controlled trial. JMIR research protocols. 2016 Sep 8;5(3): e5836. 48. Böhm AK, Jensen ML, Sørensen MR, Stargardt T. Real-world evidence of user engagement with mobile health for diabetes management: longitudinal observational study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 Nov 6;8(11): e22212. 49. Mostafavi F, Alavijeh FZ, Salahshouri A, Mahaki B. The psychosocial barriers to medication adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2021 Dec;15(1):1-1. 50. Goyal S, Lewis G, Yu C, Rotondi M, Seto E, Cafazzo JA. Evaluation of a behavioral mobile phone app intervention for the self-management of type 2 diabetes: randomized controlled trial protocol. JMIR Research Protocols. 2016 Aug 19;5(3): e5959. 51. Song T, Qian S, Yu P. Mobile health interventions for self-control of unhealthy alcohol use: systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2019 Jan 29;7(1): e10899. 52. Network GA. The global asthma report 2014. Auckland: Global Asthma Network; 2014. 53. Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy. 2004 May;59(5):469-78. 54. Khan GM, Zuberi FF, uz Zahra SB, Ghafoor L. Frequency of blood eosinophilia in newly diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020 May;36(4):750. 55. National Center for Health Statistics (US), National Hospital Discharge Survey (US). National hospital discharge survey. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2010. 56. Iltchev P, Śliwczyński A, Szynkiewicz P, Marczak M. Mobile Health Applications Assisting Patients with Chronic Diseases: Examples from Asthma Care. InApplication Development and Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications 2018 (pp. 1391-1417). IGI Global. 57. Andrews KL, Jones SC, Mullan J. Asthma self-management in adults: a review of current literature. Collegian. 2014 Mar 1;21(1):33-41. 58. Morowatisharifabad M, Nadrian H, Falahi A, Mohammadi M. Predictors of self-management behaviors in patients with asthma based on Green's Model of Health Education Planning. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research. 2009 Jul 1;7(3). 59. Cook KA, Modena BD, Simon RA. Improvement in asthma control using a minimally burdensome and proactive smartphone application. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2016 Jul 1;4(4):730-7. 60. Zairina E, Abramson MJ, McDonald CF, Li J, Dharmasiri T, Stewart K, Walker SP, Paul E, George J. Telehealth to improve asthma control in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Respirology. 2016 Jul;21(5):867-74. 61. Cemal Cingi MD, Arzu Yorgancioglu MD, Kıvılcım Oguzulgen MD. The “physician on call patient engagement trial” (POPET): measuring the impact of a mobile patient engagement application on health outcomes and quality of life in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. 62. Liu WT, Huang CD, Wang CH, Lee KY, Lin SM, Kuo HP. A mobile telephone-based interactive self-care system improves asthma control. European Respiratory Journal. 2011 Feb 1;37(2):310-7. 63. Ryan D, Price D, Musgrave SD, Malhotra S, Lee AJ, Ayansina D, Sheikh A, Tarassenko L, Pagliari C, Pinnock H. Clinical and cost effectiveness of mobile phone supported self-monitoring of asthma: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Bmj. 2012 Mar 23;344. 64. Fedele DA, McConville A, Thomas JG, McQuaid EL, Janicke DM, Turner EM, Moon J, Abu-Hasan M. Applying Interactive Mobile health to Asthma Care in Teens (AIM2ACT): Development and design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary clinical trials. 2018 Jan 1; 64:230-7. 65. Stukus DR, Farooqui N, Strothman K, Ryan K, Zhao S, Stevens JH, Cohen DM. Real-world evaluation of a mobile health application in children with asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2018 Apr 1;120(4):395-400. 66. Stukus DR, Farooqui N, Strothman K, Ryan K, Zhao S, Stevens JH, Cohen DM. Real-world evaluation of a mobile health application in children with asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2018 Apr 1;120(4):395-400. 67. Morita PP, Yeung MS, Ferrone M, Taite AK, Madeley C, Lavigne AS, To T, Lougheed MD, Gupta S, Day AG, Cafazzo JA. A patient-centered mobile health system that supports asthma self-management (breathe): design, development, and utilization. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2019 Jan 28;7(1): e10956. 68. Shields MD, ALQahtani F, Rivey MP, McElnay JC. Mobile direct observation of therapy (MDOT)-A rapid systematic review and pilot study in children with asthma. PloS one. 2018 Feb 5;13(2): e0190031. 69. Fedele DA, Thomas JG, McConville A, McQuaid EL, Voorhees S, Janicke DM, Abu-Hasan M, Chi X, Gurka MJ. Using mobile Health to improve asthma self-Management in early Adolescence: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2021 Dec 1;69(6):1032-40. 70. Fedele DA, McConville A, Thomas JG, McQuaid EL, Janicke DM, Turner EM, Moon J, Abu-Hasan M. Applying Interactive Mobile health to Asthma Care in Teens (AIM2ACT): Development and design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary clinical trials. 2018 Jan 1; 64:230-7. 71. Lin J, Wang W, Tang H, Huo J, Gu Y, Liu R, Chen P, Yuan Y, Yang X, Xu J, Sun D. Asthma Management Using the Mobile Asthma Evaluation and Management System in China. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2022 Jan;14(1):85. 72. Burbank AJ, Hall-Barrow J, Denman RR, Lewis SD, Hewes M, Schellhase DE, Rettiganti M, Luo C, Bylander LA, Brown RH, Perry TT. There's an app for that: A pilot and feasibility study of mobile-based asthma action plans. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2013 Feb 1;131(2): AB161. 73. Fidler MM, Bray F, Soerjomataram I. The global cancer burden and human development: A review. Scandinavian journal of public health. 2018 Feb;46(1):27-36. 74. Odeh B, Kayyali R, Nabhani-Gebara S, Philip N. Optimizing cancer care through mobile health. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015 Jul;23(7):2183-8. 75. Stoecker WV, Rader RK, Halpern A. Diagnostic inaccuracy of smartphone applications for melanoma detection: representative lesion sets and the role for adjunctive technologies. JAMA dermatology. 2013 Jul 1;149(7):884-. 76. Salmani H, Ahmadi M, Shahrokhi N. The impact of mobile health on cancer screening: A systematic review. Cancer Informatics. 2020 Oct; 19:1176935120954191. 77. Tokosi TO, Fortuin J, Douglas TS. The impact of mHealth interventions on breast cancer awareness and screening: systematic review protocol. JMIR Research Protocols. 2017 Dec 21;6(12): e8043. 78. Chen TH, Yen AM, Fann JC, Gordon P, Chen SL, Chiu SY, Hsu CY, Chang KJ, Lee WC, Yeoh KG, Saito H. Clarifying the debate on population-based screening for breast cancer with mammography: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on mammography with Bayesian meta-analysis and causal model. Medicine. 2017 Jan;96(3). 79. Geng Y, Myneni S. Patient engagement in cancer survivorship care through mHealth: a consumer-centered review of existing mobile applications. InAMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2015 (Vol. 2015, p. 580). American Medical Informatics Association. 80. Wang TF, Huang RC, Yang SC, Chou C, Chen LC. Evaluating the Effects of a Mobile Health App on Reducing Patient Care Needs and Improving Quality of Life After Oral Cancer Surgery: Quasiexperimental Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 Jul 27;8(7): e18132. 81. Graetz I, McKillop CN, Stepanski E, Vidal GA, Anderson JN, Schwartzberg LS. Use of a web-based app to improve breast cancer symptom management and adherence for aromatase inhibitors: a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 2018 Aug;12(4):431-40. 82. Fishbein JN, Nisotel LE, MacDonald JJ, Pensak NA, Jacobs JM, Flanagan C, Jethwani K, Greer JA. Mobile application to promote adherence to oral chemotherapy and symptom management: a protocol for design and development. JMIR Research protocols. 2017 Apr 20;6(4): e6198. 83. Hou IC, Lin HY, Shen SH, Chang KJ, Tai HC, Tsai AJ, Dykes PC. Quality of life of women after a first diagnosis of breast cancer using a self-management support mHealth App in Taiwan: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 Mar 4;8(3): e17084. 84. Nabi J, Cone EB, Vasavada A, Sun M, Kilbridge KL, Kibel AS, Berry DL, Trinh QD. Mobile health app for prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy: qualitative usability study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020 Nov 3;8(11): e20224. 85. Egbring M, Far E, Roos M, Dietrich M, Brauchbar M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Trojan A. A mobile app to stabilize daily functional activity of breast cancer patients in collaboration with the physician: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of medical Internet research. 2016 Sep 6;18(9): e6414. 86. Trojan A, Bättig B, Mannhart M, Seifert B, Brauchbar MN, Egbring M. Effect of collaborative review of electronic patient-reported outcomes for shared reporting in breast cancer patients: descriptive comparative study. JMIR cancer. 2021 Mar 17;7(1): e26950. 87. Belhadj H, Rasanathan JJ, Denny L, Broutet N. Sexual and reproductive health and HIV services: Integrating HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer prevention and control. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2013 May;121: S29-34. 88. Doraiswamy S, Abraham A, Mamtani R, Cheema S. Use of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic: scoping review. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020 Dec 1;22(12): e24087. 89. Neubeck L, Hansen T, Jaarsma T, Klompstra L, Gallagher R. Delivering healthcare remotely to cardiovascular patients during COVID-19: a rapid review of the evidence. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2020 Aug 1;19(6):486-94. 90. Khairat S, Meng C, Xu Y, Edson B, Gianforcaro R. Interpreting COVID-19 and virtual care trends: cohort study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2020 Apr 15;6(2): e18811. 91. Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F. Role of telehealth in the management of COVID-19: lessons learned from previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola outbreaks. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020 Jul 1;26(7):850-2. 92. Huang C, Xu X, Cai Y, Ge Q, Zeng G, Li X, Zhang W, Ji C, Yang L. Mining the characteristics of COVID-19 patients in China: analysis of social media posts. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020 May 17;22(5): e19087. 93. Mozgai SA, Femminella B, Hartholt A, Rizzo A. User-Centered Design Model for Mobile Health (mHealth) Applications: A Military Case Study in Rapid Assessment Process (RAP). InExtended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2021 May 8 (pp. 1-8). 94. Denis F, Fontanet A, Le Douarin YM, Le Goff F, Jeanneau S, Lescure FX. A self-assessment web-based app to assess trends of the COVID-19 pandemic in France: observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2021 Mar 12;23(3): e26182. 95. Galmiche S, Rahbe E, Fontanet A, Dinh A, Bénézit F, Lescure FX, Denis F. Implementation of a self-triage web application for suspected COVID-19 and its impact on emergency call centers: observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020 Nov 23;22(11): e22924. 96. Denis F, Galmiche S, Dinh A, Fontanet A, Scherpereel A, Benezit F, Lescure FX. Epidemiological observations on the association between anosmia and COVID-19 infection: analysis of data from a self-assessment web application. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020 Jun 11;22(6): e19855. 97. Logie CH, Okumu M, Berry I, Hakiza R, Musoke DK, Kyambadde P, Mwima S, Lester RT, Perez-Brumer AG, Baral S, Mbuagbaw L. Kukaa Salama (Staying Safe): study protocol for a pre/post-trial of an interactive mHealth intervention for increasing COVID-19 prevention practices with urban refugee youth in Kampala, Uganda. BMJ open. 2021 Nov 1;11(11): e055530. 98. Chang AK, Lee EJ. Factors affecting self‐care in elderly patients with hypertension in K orea. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2015 Oct;21(5):584-91. 99. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA. Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2007 Jun 1:672-9. 100. Ossipov MH, Morimura K, Porreca F. Descending pain modulation and chronification of pain. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care. 2014 Jun;8(2):143. 101. Moman RN, Dvorkin J, Pollard EM, Wanderman R, Murad MH, Warner DO, Hooten WM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of unguided electronic and mobile health technologies for chronic pain—is it time to start prescribing electronic health applications? Pain Medicine. 2019 Nov 1;20(11):2238-55. 102. Blakey SM, Wagner HR, Naylor J, Brancu M, Lane I, Sallee M, Kimbrel NA, Workgroup VM, Elbogen EB. Chronic pain, TBI, and PTSD in military veterans: a link to suicidal ideation and violent impulses? The Journal of Pain. 2018 Jul 1;19(7):797-806. 103. Elbogen EB, Alsobrooks A, Battles S, Molloy K, Dennis PA, Beckham JC, McLean SA, Keith JR, Russoniello C. Mobile neurofeedback for pain management in veterans with TBI and PTSD. Pain Medicine. 2021 Feb;22(2):329-37. 104. Ward BW, Schiller JS, Goodman RA. Peer reviewed: multiple chronic conditions among us adults: a 2012 update. Preventing chronic disease. 2014;11. 105. Sharma J. Chronic disease management in the South-East Asia Region: a need to do more. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health. 2013 Apr 1;2(2):79. 106. World Health Organization. mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies. mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies. 2011. 107. Das SK, Bukhari AS, Taetzsch AG, Ernst AK, Rogers GT, Gilhooly CH, Hatch-McChesney A, Blanchard CM, Livingston KA, Silver RE, Martin E. Randomized trial of a novel lifestyle intervention compared with the Diabetes Prevention Program for weight loss in adult dependents of military service members. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021 Oct;114(4):1546-59. 108. Lowensteyn I, Grover S, Dancausse S, Soussan E, Rempel P, Marchand S, Grover SA. ASSESSING THE BENEFITS OF A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WELLNESS PROGRAM IN THE CANADIAN MILITARY: CHANGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND MENTAL HEALTH RISK FACTORS. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2014 Oct 1;30(10): S178.