Comparing the Consequences of Early and Late Gastric Nutrition in Trauma Patients under Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit: A Prospective Cohort Study

References 1. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2016;40(2):159-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115621863 2. Taylor BE, McClave SA, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Critical care medicine. 2016;44(2):390-438. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001525: 3. Kimiaei-Asadi H, Tavakolitalab A. The assessment of the malnutrition in traumatic ICU patients in Iran. Electronic physician. 2017;9(6):4689-93. https://doi.org/10.19082/4689: 4. Powers J, Samaan K. Malnutrition in the ICU patient population. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2014;26(2):227-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2014.01.003: 5. Lew CCH, Yandell R, Fraser RJ, Chua AP, Chong MFF, Miller M. Association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2017;41(5):744-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115625638: 6. Bakiner O, Bozkirli E, Giray S, Arlier Z, Kozanoglu I, Sezgin N, et al. Impact of early versus late enteral nutrition on cell mediated immunity and its relationship with glucagon like peptide-1 in intensive care unit patients: a prospective study. Critical Care. 2013;17(3):R123. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12795: 7. Clive P, Steven D, Jackie E, Francis P. Enteral Nutrition and Oral Nutrition Supplements: A Review of the Economics Literature. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2006;30(1):52-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/014860710603000152: 8. Joosten K, de Betue C. Adequate enteral feeding in the pediatric intensive care unit may be associated with fewer nosocomial infections and deaths. Evid Based Med. 2013;18(4):151-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2012-100974: 9. Metheny NA. Preventing respiratory complications of tube feedings: evidence-based practice. American Journal of Critical Care. 2006;15(4):360-9. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2006.15.4.360: 10. Gubari MIM, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Hosseini M, Mohialdeen FA, Othman H, Hama-ghareeb KA, et al. Nutritional Status in Intensive Care Unit: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Galen Medical Journal. 2020;9:1678. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1678: 11. Dhaliwal R, Cahill N, Lemieux M, Heyland DK. The Canadian critical care nutrition guidelines in 2013: an update on current recommendations and implementation strategies. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2014;29(1):29-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533613510948: 12. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2009;33(3):277-316. http://pen.sagepub.com/content/33/3/277 13. Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: intensive care. Clinical nutrition. 2009;28(4):387-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.024: 14. Elke G, Felbinger TW, Heyland DK. Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive? Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2015;30(1):59-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533614562841: 15. Nguyen NQ, Besanko LK, Burgstad C, Bellon M, Holloway RH, Chapman M, et al. Delayed enteral feeding impairs intestinal carbohydrate absorption in critically ill patients. Critical care medicine. 2012;40(1):50-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d71a6: 16. Caccialanza R, Klersy C, Cereda E, Cameletti B, Bonoldi A, Bonardi C, et al. Nutritional parameters associated with prolonged hospital stay among ambulatory adult patients. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2010;182(17):1843-9. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091977: 17. Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Memon MA. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(4):473-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607110385698: 18. Rupert AA, Seres DS, Li J, Faye AS, Jin Z, Freedberg DE. Factors associated with delayed enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit: a propensity score–matched retrospective cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021;114(1):295-302. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab023: 19. Zhuang CL, Ye XZ, Zhang CJ, Dong QT, Chen BC, Yu Z. Early versus traditional postoperative oral feeding in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Dig Surg. 2013;30(3):225-32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353136: 20. Shen Y, Jin W. Early enteral nutrition after pancreatoduodenectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2013;398(6):817-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-013-1089-y: 21. Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska U, Swidnicka-Siergiejko A, Siemiatkowski A, Dabrowski A. Early enteral nutrition is superior to delayed enteral nutrition for the prevention of infected necrosis and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2013;42(4):640-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e318271bb61: 22. Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(12). 23. Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, Boulain T, Desachy A, Bellec F, et al. Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2013;309(3):249-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.196377: 24. Frivolt K, Schwerd T, Werkstetter K, Schwarzer A, Schatz S, Bufler P, et al. Repeated exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of paediatric Crohn's disease: predictors of efficacy and outcome. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014;39(12):1398-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12770: 25. Alhazzani W, Almasoud A, Jaeschke R, Lo BW, Sindi A, Altayyar S, et al. Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Critical Care. 2013;17(4):R127. 26. Bharadwaj S, Ginoya S, Tandon P, Gohel TD, Guirguis J, Vallabh H, et al. Malnutrition: laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment. Gastroenterology report. 2016;4(4):272-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gow013: 27. Ghorabi S, Vahdat Shariatpanahi Z. Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition on Clinical Outcomes in an Intensive Care Unit. Thrita. 2014;3(3):e20905. https://doi.org/10.5812/thrita.20905: 28. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):818-29. 29. Wijdicks EF, Bamlet WR, Maramattom BV, Manno EM, McClelland RL. Validation of a new coma scale: the FOUR score. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society. 2005;58(4):585-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20611: 30. Abdullah MI, Ahmad A, Tarek SWWSS, Latif AZA, Yusoff NAM, Jasmiad MK, et al. Determination of calorie and protein intake among acute and sub-acute traumatic brain injury patients. Chinese Journal of Traumatology. 2020;23(5):290-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.04.004: 31. Kang MC, Kim JH, Ryu S-W, Moon JY, Park JH, Park JK, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2018;33(2). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e10: 32. Gout BS, Barker LA, Crowe TC. Malnutrition identification, diagnosis and dietetic referrals: are we doing a good enough job? Nutrition & Dietetics. 2009;66(4):206-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2009.01372.: 33. Barker LA, Gout BS, Crowe TC. Hospital malnutrition: prevalence, identification and impact on patients and the healthcare system. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2011;8(2):514-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020514: 34. Hudson L, Chittams J, Griffith C, Compher C. Malnutrition Identified by Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Is Associated With More 30-Day Readmissions, Greater Hospital Mortality, and Longer Hospital Stays: A Retrospective Analysis of Nutrition Assessment Data in a Major Medical Center. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2018;42(5):892-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1021: 35. Gungabissoon U, Hacquoil K, Bains C, Irizarry M, Dukes G, Williamson R, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, clinical consequences, and treatment of enteral feed intolerance during critical illness. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2015;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607114526450: 36. Su S, Sun R, Liu R, Xu Z. [Effect of enteral nutrition time on pH value of gastric juice and ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patient]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2018;30(8):768-70. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2018.08.011: 37. Reignier J, Darmon M, Sonneville R, Borel A-L, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Ruckly S, et al. Impact of early nutrition and feeding route on outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients with shock: a post hoc marginal structural model study. Intensive care medicine. 2015;41(5):875-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3730-4: 38. Mehrnoosh N, Alipour H, Karimollahi M. Performance of Critical Care Nurses in Nasogastric Tube Nutrition in Ardabil Hospitals. Journal of Health and Care. 2018;20(3):186-95. http://hcjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-861-en.html: 39. Shi J, Wei L, Huang R, Liao L. Effect of combined parenteral and enteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition alone for critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(41):e11874-e. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011874: 40. Yang F, Wei L, Huo X, Ding Y, Zhou X, Liu D. Effects of early postoperative enteral nutrition versus usual care on serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, time to first flatus and postoperative hospital stay for patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contemporary Nurse. 2018;54(6):561-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1513809: