Military Medicine in Islamic Civilization until the Fall of Baghdad

Document Type : Review

Author

Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aim: Relief and rescuing the lives of the wounded, particularly the soldiers in wars is significantly important, besides, this issue can be traced in all historical periods in various forms. Furthermore, in Islamic civilization, this issue has been paid attention to by relatively appropriate scientific advances, especially in the field of health and treatment. In Islamic civilization, the rate of this process was gradual, so that it started with the presence of Muslim women for relief and first aid, and then it proceeded to form more cohesive organizations in the form of mobile hospitals. In addition, hiring skilled physicians in this field led to the formation of the first military medical organization in Islamic civilization. The aim of the current research is to study the evolution trend of military medicine and the factors affecting it in Islamic civilization.
Methods: The main materials of the present study are historical and medical information and data gathered from various sources. Along with them, new research on the medicine of the Golden Age of Islamic civilization is applied. The method of the research is descriptive-analytical and based on the data collection method, it was done by the library research method.
Results: In agreement with the results of the current research, it can be said that paying attention to the treatment of military forces has a historical background in Islamic civilization as well as it has evolved gradually. Besides, according to the time being existed, this issue was highly relevant which can be considered as a support for the modern military medicine in the Islamic countries army units, particularly Iran.
Conclusion: According to the available data, the facilities and the technological level of the period being studied, several relatively appropriate actions have been carried out to create a coherent organization and employ physicians in the military hospitals. However, there were some difficulties to hospitalize the wounded soldiers. The problems were due to several factors such as lack of serious training, trouble in transferring wounded as well as the impossibility of surgery.

Keywords

References

[1]- Trevor ND. International Millitary and Defense Encyclopedia. Translated by Keshavarz M. Journal of Military Medicine. 1999; 3(1-2): 1-6. [in Persian]. [2]- Harms D. German Military Medicine. Translated by Khoobdel M, Sadevandi F. Journal of Military Medicine. 2001; 3 (1): 65-72. [in Persian]. [3]- Rahmani R, Mehrvarz Sh, Zareei Zavaraki E, Abbaspour A, Maleki H. Military medicine's role in the armed forces and the need to develop specialized education programs in Iran military medicine. Journal of Military Medicine.2012; 13 (4):247-252. [in Persian]. [4]- Nezamoddin M, Ojaghloo S, Peyravi H, Parsa-Yekta Z, Rastegari R, Ghadirian F. Historiography of Military Clinics’ Changes in the Iraq- Iran War. Journal of Military Medicine. 2016; 18 (1):323-329. [in Persian]. [5]- Golshani SA, Foroozani SAG, Jahan Kohan P, Zohalinezhad MA. The Arabic medicine from the Birth of Islam’s prophet till the falling of Benny Umayyad Governments. Medical History. 2016; 4 (10): 95-129. [in Persian]. /doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v4i10.11753 [6]- Hajianpour H, Karimi Z. Medical presence of women in battles of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 2016; 8 (6):22-33. [in Persian]. [7]- ghany Q. A Brief History of Islamic Medicine (3). Yādiqār. 1945; 1 (6): 19- 21. [in Persian]. [8]- Al-hawāry AA. the history of Islamic medicine. Damascus: Human and Social Studies and Research; 2005. P. 89, 85. [in Arabic]. [9]-Rāwandy M. Social history of Iran. Tehran: Nigāh; 2003. Vol. 10. P. 295. [in Persian]. [10]-Forokh ʿ. Human civilization and the Arabs. Al- ʿrfān. 1978; 67 (4):403. [in Arabic]. [11]- ʿysā Bak A. History of Hospitals in Islam. Translated by Kassāiy N.Tehran: Scientific and cultural 1992; p.26-28. [in Persian]. [12]- Sedghi N, Bagheri Tofighi N. A historical approach to the status of medicine in Iran during the Seljuk era. Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History.2017; 8 (2): 122-149. [in Persian]. [13]- Dyniwāry A. al-akhbār al-ṭawāl. Translated by Dāmghāny. Tehran: Niy; 2007. P. 289. [in Persian]. [14]- Beyhaqi A. History of Beyhaqi. Corrected by Khatib Rahbar K. Tehran: Mahtab;1994. Vol. 1. P. 358. [in Persian]. [15]- ṭabary MJ. Tārykh ṭabary. Translated by Pāyandi A. Tehran: Asāṭir; 1996. Vol. 8. P. 3556. [in Persian]. [16]- ṭabary MJ. Tārykh ṭabary. Translated by Pāyandi A. Tehran: Asāṭir; 1996. Vol. 11. P. 4846. [in Persian]. [17]- Ibni Athīr ʿA. al-kāmil Fial-Tārykh. Translated by khalyly ʿ& Hālat A.Tehran: ʿilmy; 1992. Vol. 7. P.177, 146. [in Persian]. [18]- Kaḥāli ʿR. Aʿlām al-Nisāʾ Fy ʾālamy al- ʾarabū al- islām. Biyrwt: al-Risālat; 1982. Vol. 1. P. 296. [in Arabic]. [19]- ṭabary MJ. Tārykh ṭabary. Translated by Pāyandi A. Tehran: Asāṭir; 1996. Vol. 3. P.1087. [in Persian]. [20]- Muhamadiy Riyshahry M. Encyclopedia of Medical Hadiths. Qom: Dār Al-Hadith Cultural Scientific Institute;2006. Vol. 1. P. 189. [in Persian]. [21]- Khunjy FR. Sulwk al-mulwk. Correction by Muṣahih M. Tehran: khārazmy; 1983. P. 403. [in Persian]. [22]- Ibn Abi Usaibia A. Uyūn ul-Anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbā. Translated by ghaḍbān. Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2007. 224-225, 417, 409, 418. [in Persian]. [23]-Ibni Joljol S. ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbā wal- ḥukamā. Translated by Imam MK. Tehran : University of Tehran;1970. P. 106 , 197-198 , 109. [in Persian]. [24]-Yʿgwby A.Tārykh Yʿgwby. Translated by āyaty A. Tehran: Scientific and cultural;1992. Vol. 1.p. 405. [in Persian]. [25]- ṭabary MJ. Tārykh ṭabary. Translated by Pāyandi A. Tehran: Asāṭir; 1996. Vol. 3. P. 977. [in Persian]. [26]- ḥamawy ṣ. Nūwr al- ʿywn wa Jāmiʿ al-funūn. Investigated by Dhāfir Wafāiy M & Rawās Qal’a Jy M. Riyadh: King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies;1986. P. 23-24. [in Arabic]. [27]-Abwriyhāni Byrwny M. Al-ṣiydanat fy Al-ṭib. Translated by Muẓaffar Zādi A.Tehran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature; 2004. P.434, 351, 899. [in Persian]. [28] - Algood CL. Medical history of Iran from ancient times to 1934. Translated by Jāwydān M. Tehran: Igbāl; 1973. P. 356, 194. [in Persian]. [29]- ẓilal-rahmān ḥ. Ibni synā's Gānun, its commentators and translators. Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors;2004. P. 19 -20. [in Persian]. [30]- ʿimādi Iṣfahāny M. Kharydat al-gaṣr wa Jarydat al-ʿṣr. Baghdad: The Iraqi Scientific Academy;1955. Vol. 5. P. 57-58. [in Arabic]. [31]- ʿimādi Iṣfahāny M. Kharydat al-gaṣr wa Jarydat al-ʿṣr. Baghdad: The Iraqi Scientific Academy;1955. Vol. 17. P. 236. [in Arabic]. [32]- Ibni khulikān A. Wafayāt al- ʿayān wa Anbāʾ abnāʾ alzamān. Investigated by ʿabās I. Beirut: Daral- ṣādir; 1900. Vol. 3. P. 123. [in Arabic]. [33]- Qafaṭy JA. Tārykh al-ḥukamā. Edited Lippert J . Leipzig;1908. P. 188-189, 193-194. [in Arabic]. [34]- Algood CL. A medical history of Persia and the eastern caliphate from the earliest times until the year A.D. 1932,1951. Translated by Furgāny B. Tehran: Amyrkabyr:2007. P. 200. [in Persian]. [35]- ʿimādi Iṣfahāny M. History of the Seljuk dynasty. Translated by Jalyly MH. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation;1977. P. 158. [in Persian]. [36]- ʿimādi Iṣfahāny M. History of the Seljuk State. Edited by Murād Y. Beirut: Daral-ʿilmyat; 2004. P. 273. [37]- abwshāmat Sh. Al-Ruwẓatiyn fy Akhbāri Duwlatayni Al-Muwryat wa Al-ṣalāḥyat. Beirut: Daral-Kutub al- ʿilmyat; 2003. Vol. 1. P. 105. [in Arabic]. [38]- Khezri SAR. Himat khalily A. The Role of Noureddin Zangi in Development of Medical Sciences. Medical History. 22016; 2(4): 121. [in Persian]. doi.org/10.22037/mhj.v2i4.12246 [39] - Ibni synā H. Gānun. translated by Sharafkandy A. Tehran: Surush;2010. Vol. 6. P. 413-436 , 497-499, 455-458, 516-517, 521- 597. [in Persian]. [40]- Ibni Maṭrān A. Bustān al- aṭibā wa Ruwḍat al- alalbʾ. Correction by Muḥaggig M. Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors; 2007. P.386 , 68 , 57. [in Arabic]. [41]- Akhawaiyny RA. Hidāyat al-mutaʿlimyn al-ṭib. Correction by Matin J. Mashhad: University of Mashhad; 1992. P. 172-173. [in Persian]. [42]- Razi M. Al-Mansūri fy al- ṭib. Correcting by Bakry FH. Translated by Dhākir MA.Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2008. P. 383,351, 358, 371, 353 , 676. [in Persian]. [43]- Albucasis. On Surgery and Instruments Persian Translation Kitāb al-tasrīf li-man ajaza an al-talif. Aram A & Mohaghegh. Tehran: Sosiety for the Appreclation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries; 2005. P. 196- 203. [in Persian]. [44]- Jurjāni AH. Zakhyrh Khārazm Shāhi. Qom: The Natural Life Foundation; 2012. Vol. 7. P. 137- 138. [in Persian]. [45]- Jurjāni AH. Zakhyrh Khārazm Shāhi. Qom: The Natural Life Foundation; 2012. Vol. 5. P. 937. [in Persian]. [46]- Ibni Athīr ʿA. al-kāmil Fial-Tārykh. Translated by khalyly ʿ& Hālat A.Tehran: ʿilmy; 1992. Vol. 13, p. 41. [in Persian]. [47]- ṭabary MJ. Tārykh ṭabary. Translated by Pāyandi A. Tehran: Asāṭir; 1996, Vol 7, p 3045 and 3048. [48] - Ibni synā H. Risāliyi Juwdyi.. Correction by Najmābādy M. Tehran: Ibni synā University; 2004. P. 23. [49] - Ibni synā H. Gānun. translated by Sharafkandy A. Tehran: Surush;2010. Vol. 7.p. 1-30. [50]- Jurjāni AH. Zakhyrh Khārazm Shāhi. Qom: The Natural Life Foundation; 2012. Vol. 9.p. 214. [in Persian]. [51]- Jurjāni AH. Zakhyrh Khārazm Shāhi. Qom: The Natural Life Foundation; 2012. Vol. 10. P. 264. [in Persian]. [52]- Jurjāni AH. Zakhyrh Khārazm Shāhi. Qom: The Natural Life Foundation; 2012.Vol. 3. P. 482-483. [in Persian].
Journal of Military Medicine
Volume 23, Issue 10 - Serial Number 107
January and February 2022
Pages 812-819

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics