1. Banerjee A, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Frieman M, Mossman K. Bats and coronaviruses. Viruses. 2019; 11(1):41.
2. Farnoosh G, Alishiri G, Hosseini Zijoud S R, Dorostkar R, Jalali Farahani A. Understanding the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Available Evidence - A Narrative Review. J Mil Med. 2020; 22 (1):1-11.
3. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology journal. 2019; 16(1):69.
4. Cohen J, Normile D. New SARS-like virus in China triggers alarm. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2020.
5. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
6. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.
7. Alimohamadi Y, Sepandi M. Basic Reproduction Number: An important Indicator for the Future of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Iran. Journal of Military Medicine. 2020;22(1):96-7.
8. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of medical virology. 2020.
9. Zhang N, Wang L, Deng X, Liang R, Su M, He C, et al. Recent advances in the detection of respiratory virus infection in humans. Journal of Medical Virology.
10. Chan JF-W, Kok K-H, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK-W, Yuan S, et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerging Microbes. 2020;9(1):221-36.
11. Semba RD. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutrition reviews. 1998;56(1):S38-S48.
12. Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2101.
13. Kańtoch M, Litwińska B, Szkoda M, Siennicka J. Importance of vitamin A deficiency in pathology and immunology of viral infections. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny. 2002;53(4):385-92.
14. Trottier C, Colombo M, Mann KK, Miller Jr WH, Ward BJ. Retinoids inhibit measles virus through a type I IFN-dependent bystander effect. The FASEB Journal. 2009;23(9):3203-12.
15. Semba RDJPotNS. Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. 1999;58(3): 719-27.
16. Villamor E, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Fataki M, Peterson KE, et al. Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria, and diarrheal infections on child growth. Pediatrics. 2002;109(1):e6-e.
17. Parastouei K, Mirshafiey A, Eshraghian MR, Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Chahardoli R, et al. The effect of 1, 25 (OH) 2 D3 (calcitriol) alone and in combination with all-trans retinoic acid on ROR-γt, IL-17, TGF-β, and FOXP3 gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nutritional neuroscience. 2018;21 (3):210-8.
18. Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, et al. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. American journal of veterinary research. 2013;74(10):1353-62.
19. West CE, Sijtsma SR, Kouwenhoven B, Rombout JH, van der Zijpp AJ. Epithelia damaging virus infections affect vitamin A status in chickens. The Journal of nutrition. 1992;122(2):333-9.
20. Harirchian MH, Mohammadpour Z, Fatehi F, Firoozeh N, Bitarafan S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluating the trend of cytokines to vitamin A supplementation in autoimmune diseases. Clinical Nutrition. 2019;38(5):2038-44.
21. Riordan HD, Mikirova N, Taylor PR, Feldkamp CA, Casciari JJ. The Effects of a Primary Nutritional Deficiency (Vitamin B Study). Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2012;3(9).
22. Keil SD, Bowen R, Marschner S. Inactivation of M iddle E ast respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐C o V) in plasma products using a riboflavin‐based and ultraviolet light‐based photochemical treatment. Transfusion. 2016;56(12):2948-52.
23. Jones HD, Yoo J, Crother TR, Kyme P, Ben-Shlomo A, Khalafi R, et al. Nicotinamide exacerbates hypoxemia in ventilator-induced lung injury independent of neutrophil infiltration. PloS one. 2015;10(4).
24. Li W, Maeda N, Beck MA. Vitamin C deficiency increases the lung pathology of influenza Virus–Infected gulo−/− mice. The Journal of nutrition. 2006;136(10):2611-6.
25. Hemilä H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients 2017 9(4):339.
26. Hemilä H. Vitamin C and SARS coronavirus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003;52(6): 1049-50.
27. Atherton J, Kratzing C, Fisher A. The effect of ascorbic acid on infection of chick-embryo ciliated tracheal organ cultures by coronavirus. Archives of virology. 1978;56(3):195-9.
28. Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD. Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection. Journal of leukocyte biology. 2002;71(1):16-32.
29. Hemilä H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 1997;16(9):83.
30. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, Wagner CL, Sergeev IN, Rutten E, et al. Vitamin D: beyond bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2013;1287(1):45.
31. Nonnecke B, McGill J, Ridpath J, Sacco R, Lippolis J, Reinhardt T. Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves. Journal of dairy science. 2014;97(9):5566-79.
32. Hope-Simpson RE. The role of season in the epidemiology of influenza. Epidemiology Infection. 1981;86(1):35-47.
33. Cannell J, Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiology. 2006;134(6):1129-40.
34. McDonnell SL, Baggerly C, French CB, Baggerly LL, Garland CF, Gorham ED, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations≥ 40 ng/ml are associated with> 65% lower cancer risk: pooled analysis of randomized trial and prospective cohort study. PloS one. 2016;11(4).
35. Gholami F, Moradi G, Zareei B, Rasouli MA, Nikkhoo B, Roshani D, et al. The association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC cardiovascular disorders. 2019;19(1): 248.
36. Zhu M, Wang T, Wang C, Ji Y. The association between vitamin D and COPD risk, severity, and exacerbation: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2016;11:2597.
37. Pittas AG, Dawson‑Hughes B, Sheehan P, Ware JH, Knowler WC, Aroda VR, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. 2019.
38. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee I-M, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(1):33-44.
39. Schwalfenberg GK, research f. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Molecular nutrition. 2011;55 (1): 96-108.
40. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311(5768):1770-3.
41. Sun Q, Xu X, Xie J, Li J, Huang X. Evolution of computed tomography manifestations in five patients who recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Korean journal of radiology. 2020.
42. Arboleda JF, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Vitamin D-regulated MicroRNAs: are they protective factors against dengue virus infection? Advances in virology. 2016;2016.
43. Brice DC, Toth Z, Diamond G. LL-37 disrupts the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus envelope and inhibits infection in oral epithelial cells. Antiviral research. 2018;158:25-33.
44. Borella E, Nesher G, Israeli E, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D: a new anti‐infective agent? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2014;1317(1):76-83.
45. Gui B, Chen Q, Hu C, Zhu C, He G. Effects of calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3) on the inflammatory response induced by H9N2 influenza virus infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells and in mice. Virology journal. 2017;14(1):10.
46. Currie SM, Findlay EG, McHugh BJ, Mackellar A, Man T, Macmillan D, et al. The human cathelicidin LL-37 has antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus. PloS one. 2013;8(8).
47. Jackson ML, Neuzil KM, Thompson WW, Shay DK, Yu O, Hanson CA, et al. The burden of community-acquired pneumonia in seniors: results of a population-based study. Clinical infectious diseases. 2004;39(11):1642-50.
48. Aregbesola A, Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Virtanen JK, Ronkainen K, Tuomainen T-P. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and the risk of pneumonia in an ageing general population. Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(6):533-6.
49. M; M, AS; G. Vitamin E and Influenza Virus Infection. In: Morales-Gonzalez JA, editor. Vit E Health Dis. 672018.
50. Galmés S, Serra F, Palou A. Vitamin E metabolic effects and genetic variants: a challenge for precision nutrition in obesity and associated disturbances. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1919.
51. Beck MA, Kolbeck PC, Rohr LH, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Vitamin E deficiency intensifies the myocardial injury of coxsackievirus B3 infection of mice. The Journal of nutrition. 1994;124(3):345-58.
52. Young; LG, Nim; HS. The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients 2018;10(11).
53. Cai C, Koch B, Morikawa K, Suda G, Sakamoto N, Rueschenbaum S, et al. Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles induce long-lasting immunity against hepatitis C virus which is blunted by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:723.
54. Mousavi Nasl-khameneh A, Mirshafiey A, Naser Moghadasi A, Chahardoli R, Mahmoudi M, Parastouei K, et al. Combination treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibit IL-17 and RORγt gene expression in PBMCs of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurological research. 2018;40(1):11-7.
55. Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Yekaninejad S, Soleymani F, et al. A Novel Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Reduces T-Bet Gene Expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and Clinical Scores but Promotes PPARγ Gene Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 2016;60(4):498-508.
56. Begin M, Manku M, Horrobin D. Plasma fatty acid levels in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and in controls. Prostaglandins, leukotrienesessential fatty acids. 1989;37(2):135-7.
57. Leu G-Z, Lin T-Y, Hsu JT. Anti-HCV activities of selective polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biochemical biophysical research communications. 2004;318(1): 275-80.
58. Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. The Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1256-68.
59. Harthill M. Micronutrient selenium deficiency influences evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biological trace element research. 2011;143(3):1325-36.
60. Oz HS. Nutrients, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases. Nutrients 2017;9:1085.
61. Beck MA, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Rapid genomic evolution of a non-virulent coxsackievirus B3 in selenium-deficient mice results in selection of identical virulent isolates. Nature medicine. 1995;1(5):433-6.
62. Brandão-Neto J, Stefan V, Mendonça BB, Bloise W, Castro AVB. The essential role of zinc in growth. Nutrition research. 1995;15(3):335-58.
63. Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Medicine. Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans. Free Radical Biology. 2004;37(8):1182-90.
64. Mariani E, Neri S, Cattini L, Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M, Dedoussis GV, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 production and NK cell function in healthy elderly: interactive influence of+ 647 MT1a and− 174 IL-6 polymorphic alleles. Experimental gerontology. 2008;43(5):462-71.
65. Mariani E, Cattini L, Neri S, Malavolta M, Mocchegiani E, Ravaglia G, et al. Simultaneous evaluation of circulating chemokine and cytokine profiles in elderly subjects by multiplex technology: relationship with zinc status. Biogerontology. 2006;7(5-6):449-59.
66. Faure P. Protective effects of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin E, zinc and selenium) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clinical chemistry laboratory medicine. 2003;41(8):995-8.
67. Taghdir M, Jalali M, Djazayeri A, Ashourpour M, Rajab A, Sepandi M, et al. Relationship Between Serum Zinc and Insulin Concentration,Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 2010;11(5): 485-9.
68. Te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn2 inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS pathogens. 2010; 6(11):e1001176.
69. Tuerk MJ, Fazel NJCoig. Zinc deficiency. 2009; 25(2):136-43.
70. Awotiwon AA, Oduwole O, Sinha A, Okwundu C. Zinc supplementation for the treatment of measles in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(6):CD011177.
71. Weiss G. Iron and immunity: a double‐edged sword. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002;32:70-8.
72. Wessling-Resnick M. Crossing the Iron Gate: why and how transferrin receptors mediate viral entry. Annual review of nutrition. 2018;38:431-58.
73. Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Iron in Infection and Immunity. Cell Host and microbe. 2013;13(5):509-519.
74. Jayaweera JAAS, Reyes M, Joseph AJSr. Childhood iron deficiency anemia leads to recurrent respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis. 2019; 9(1):1-8
)