Cutaneous leishmaniasis in military areas of Iran and Middle East and its prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods- Narrative review

1. Killick-Kendrick R. The life-cycle of Leishmania in the sandfly with special reference to the form infective to the vertebrate host. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1990;65: 37-42. 1. Killick-Kendrick R. The life-cycle of Leishmania in the sandfly with special reference to the form infective to the vertebrate host. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1990;65: 37-42. 2. Khosravani M, Djaefar Moemenbellah-Fard M, Sharafi M, Rafat-Panah A. Epidemiologic profile of oriental sore caused by Leishmania parasites in a new endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, southern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2016; 40(3): 1077-1081. 3. WHO.The leishmaniases.Report of a WHO Expert Committee.1984.Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38742.World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser.701: 1-140. 1984. 4. Postigo JA. Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization EasternMediterranean Region, Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36(1): S62-S65. 5. WHO.technical report series 949, Control of the leishmaniasis.2012.Available at:https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/resources/technical_report_series/en/World Health Organization, 36-104.2012. 6. Hashemi SN, Mohebali M, Mansouri P, Bairami A, Hajaran H, Akhoundi B, et al. Comparison of leishmanin skin test and direct smear for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Med Iran. 2011;49 (3): 136-41. 7. Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, et al. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e35671. 8. Shirzadi, MR, cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran Care Guide.1nd ed .Ministry Of Health, Cure and Medical Education. Center for Disease Management.Tehran, 2012. 9. Abdollahzadeh R, khoubfekr H, Sarbishgimoghadam M, Shayesteh M. Epidemiological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Factors Affecting It in South Khorasan Province, 1391-1395 (2012-2016). Journal of Jahrom University. 2018;16(1):59-66 10. Roghani A R, Yasemi , M R, Jalilian M, Abdi J, RezaiTavirani K. Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ilam province. Res Med. 2013; 36 (5):50-53. 11. Saghafipour A, Vatandoost H, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jooshin MK, Rassi Y, et al. Epidemiological Study on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area, of Qom Province, Central Iran.J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2017 8;11(3): 403-413. 12. Nilforoushzade MR,Shirani Bidabadi L, HosseiniS M, Fadaei Nobari R, JaffaryF. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Isfahan Province, Iran, During 2001-2011. J Skin Stem Cell. 2014;1(2):e23303 13. Barati H, Barati M, Lotfi MH. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khatam, Yazd province, 2004-2013. J Paramedical sciences and Military Health. 2015; 10(2):2-5. 14. Khajedaluee M, Yazdanpanah MJ, SeyedNozadi M, Fata A , Juya MR, Masoudi MH, Najafnajafi M. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in population covered by Mashhad university of medical sciences in 2011. J Mashhad Uni Med Sci. 2014; 57:647-654. 15. Kasiri H, Mortazavi H, Kazemi Sh. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniose in Khorramshahr city, Khozestan province, Southwest of Iran. Joundishapur J of Health sciences. 2012;3(4): 11-20. 16. Almasi A, Shirdare MR, Emadi J, Esfandiari M, Poormohamadi B, Hoseini H. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniose in Marvdasht city, Fars province, during 2008-2010. J North KhorasanUni Med Sci. 2011; 3(4): 15-23. 17. Ayubi E, Barati M, Dabbagh Moghaddam A, Khoshdel AR. Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian army units during 2014-2017 using a hierarchical Bayesian method and the spatial scan statistic. Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018032. 18. Shirzadi MR, Bonakdar Esfahani S , Mohebali M, Yaghoobi Ershadi M , Gharachorlo F , Razavi MR. Epidemiological status of leishmaniasis in Iran 1362-1392. Iranian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine. 2016;21(73):1-8. 19. Khoobdel M, Mehrabi Tavana A, Vatandoost H, Abaei M. Arthropod Borne Diseases in Imposed War during 1980-88. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2008;2(1): 28-6. 20. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR. Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran: a review article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2016;10(4):429. 21. Tabibian E, Hosseini Shokouh S J, Rahimi Dehgolan S, Dabbagh Moghaddam A, Tootoonchian M, Noorifard M. Recent Epidemiological Profile of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in IranianMilitary Personnel .J Arch Mil Med. 2014;2(1): e14473. 22. Holakouie-Naieni K, Mostafavi E, Boloorani AD, Mohebali M, Pakzad R. Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran from 1983 to 2013. Acta Trop. 2017; 166: 67-73. 23. Pakzad R, Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Mohebali M, Safiri S, Barati M. Spatio-temporal analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using geographic information system among Iranian Army Units and its comparison with the general population of Iran during 2005-2014. J Parasit Dis. 2017; 41: 1114-1122. 24. Hamzavi Y, Sobhi SA, Rezaei M. Epidemiological factors of cutaneous lieshmaniasis in patients reffered to health centers in Kermanshah Province (2001-2006).Kermanshah Medical Journal 2009;13:151-161. 25. Weina PJ, Neafie RC, Wortmann G, Polnemus M, Aronson NE. Old world leishmaniasis: an emerging infection among deployed US military and civilian workers. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1674-1680. 26. Salahi moghadam A,Barati M,Dabagh moghadam A,Khoshdel AR,Hosseini shokoh SJ,Totonchian M, et al. Temporal changes and mapping leishmaniasis in military units of I.R.I.army. Medical Journal of Hormozgan University. 2014;18(1):91-98. 27. Semage SN, Pathirana KPN, Agampodi SB.Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka: a missing endemic district in the leishmaniasis surveillance system. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 25: 53-55. 28. Galgamuwa LS , Sumanasena B, Yatawara L, Wickramasinghe S, Iddawela D. Clinico-Epidemiological Patterns of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Attending the Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Korean J Parasitol. 2017; 55(1): 1-7. 29. Hamzavi Y, Nazari N, Khademi N, Hassani K, Bozorgomid A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qasr-e Shirin, a border area in the west of Iran. Vet World. 2018; 11(12): 1692-1697. 30. Mahmoudzadeh-Niknam H, Ajdary S, Riazi-Rad F, Mirzadegan E, Rezaeian A, Kjaze V, D.Djadid N, Alimihammadian M. Molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and heterogeneity of Leishmania major strains in Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 2012; 17(11): 1335-44. 31. Nejati J, Mojadam M, Kayhani A, Hanafinejad AA, Habibi node F. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Andimeshk city. Sientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Scienses. 2013;21(7):94-101. 32. Jahani MR, Shirzad H. The survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis among police units in Esfahan, Ilam, Bushehr, Korasan and Khuzestan. J Mil Med. 2001;3:97-101. 33. Nadim A, Javadian E, Mohebali M, Zamen-Momeni A. [Lishmania parasite and leishmaniasis]. 3th ed. Tehran: Nashr-e-daneshgahi Publication. 2008; 108- 205. 34. Sobati H,Mahmodzade A, Mohaghegh Hazrati S,Faghihzade S.Evaluation of efficiency and immunity of leishmanization in military forces. IJIDTM. 1999;11(4):23-26. 35. Salahimoghaddam A, Khoshdel AR, Sedaghat MM. Geographic Pathology of Iran. 1 nd ed. Iran: Magestan Publisher; September 2014. 36. Salahimoghadam A, Khoshdel A, Hanafibejed AA, Sedaghat MM. Mapping and Review of Leishmaniasis, its Vectors and Main Reservoirs in Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2015; 22(1): 83-104. 37. World Health Organization: Essential leishmaniasis maps. Geneva. Cutaneous leishmaniasis.2012. Available: https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/leishmaniasis_maps/en/index2.html.2012. 38. WHO. Number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis reported Data by country. 2017. [Available from: http: //apps. who.int/gho/data/node.main.NTDLEISHCNUM?lang=en.]Accessed 27/06/2017. 39. Al-Salem WS, Pigott DM, Subramaniam K, Haines LR , Kelly-Hope Louise DH, Simon IM, et al. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Conflict in Syria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22 (5):931-933. 40. Al-Bajlan MMM, Al-Jaf MA, Niranji S, Abdulkareem DR, Al-Kayali K, Kato H. Outbreak of Leishmania major from an endemic to a non-endemic region posed a public health threat in Iraq from 2014-2017: Epidemiological, molecular and phylogenetic studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(3): e0006255. 41. Lebanese Ministry of Public Health.Epidemiologic Surveillance Department. 2014. Available:http://www.moph.gov.lb/Prevention/Surveillance/Pages/PastYears.aspx. Accessed 20 June 2014. 42. Salam N, Al-Shaqha WM, Azzi A.Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: Incidence and Epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(10) e3208:1-8. 43. AlSamarai AM, AlObaidi HS.Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3: 123–129. 44. World Health Organization.WHO Leishmaniasis Resource:Iraq.2014.Available: http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/resources/IRAQ.pdf. Accesse 29 August 2014. 45. Tayeh A, Jalouk L, Cairncross S.Twenty years of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91: 657–659. 46. WHO.WHO Leishmaniasis Resource: Syrian Arab Republic. 2014. Available: www. who. int/leishmaniasis /resources/SYRIAN-ARAB-REPUBLIC.pdf. Accessed 29 August 2014. 47. El-Beshbishy HA, Al-Ali KH, El-Badry AA .Molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah province, western Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17: e334–e338. 48. El-Beshbishy HA, Al-Ali KH, El-Badry AA.Molecular characterization of Leishmania infection in sand flies from Al-madinah Al-munawarah province western Saudi Arabia. Exp Parasitol. 2013;134: 211–215. 49. Al-Tawfiq JA, AbuKhamsin A. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 46-year study of the epidemiology and clinical features in Saudi Arabia [1956–2002]. Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8: 244–250. 50. Amin TT, Kaliyadan F, Al-Ajyan MI, Al-Arfaj AK, Al-mujhim MA, Al-Harbi SJ, et al. Public awareness and attitudes towards cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic region in Saudi Arabia. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2012; 26: 1544–1551. 51. WHO.WHO Leishmaniasis Resource: Saudi Arabia. 2014.Available: www. who. int/leishmaniasis /resources /SAUDI-ARABIA. pdf. Accessed 29 August 2014. 52. WHO. WHO Leishmaniasis Resource: Afghanistan. 2018.Available:http://www.who. int/leishmaniasis /resources/Afghanistan.pdf. Accessed 27 April 2018. 53. Bessat M, El Shanat S. Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Control and Future Perspectives with Special Emphasis on Egypt. J Trop Dis. 2013; 3(1):1-10. 54. Saliba E, Saleh N, Bisharat Z, Oumeish O, Khoury S, Gramiccia M, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Jordan. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993;87:633. 55. Jumaian N, Kamhawi SA, Halalsheh M, Abdel-Hafez SK.Short report: outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a nonimmune population of soldiers in Wadi Araba, Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 58: 160–162. 56. Khoury S, Saliba EK, Oumeish OY. Short report: outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a nonimmune population of soldiers in Wadi Araba, Jordan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60: 520. 57. Mosleh IM, Geith E, Schonian G, Kanani KA.Two recent but temporally distinct outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis among foreign workers in the Dead-Sea area of Jordan.Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103: 393–400. 58. Mosleh IM, Geith E, Natsheh L, Abdul-Dayem M, Abotteen N. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley: severe under-reporting and consequences on public health management. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:855–860. 59. WHO.WHO Leishmaniasis Resource: Jordan. 2014.Available: www. who. int/leishmaniasis /resources/ JORDAN.pdf. 2014. 60. Hussain M, Munir Sh, Ali Khan T, Khan A, Ayaz S, Jamal MA, et al. Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak, Waziristan, Pakistan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018; 24(1):159-161. 61. Bari A.Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists. 2006;16: 156-162. 62. Durrani AZ, Durrani HZ,Kamal N. Prevalence of leishmania in sand fly in Pakistan.Pakistan J.Zool 2012;44(1):61-65. 63. Masmoudi A, Hariz W, Marrekchi S, Amouri M,Turki H. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: diagnosis and treatment. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2013; 7(2): 31-41. 64. Kato H G, Caceres A, Mimori T, Ishimaru Y, Sayed A, Fujita M, et al. Use of FTA Cards for Direct Sampling of Patients' Lesions in the Ecological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010; 48(10): 3661-5. 65. Pagheh A, Fakhar M, Mesgarian F, Gholami Sh, Ahmadpour E. An improved microculture method for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis. 2014; 38(4): 347-351. 66. Pazoki- ghohe H, Haghparast-kenari B, Fakhri M. Current and novel laboratory diagnostic methods and identification of causative agents for cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci. 2015; 25(132): 345-361 67. Sobati H. Application of Molecular Techniques for Detection of Parasitic Infections. Iranian Journal of Infectious diseases and Tropical Medicine. 2019; 23(83):1-15. 68. Sarkari B,Ashrafmansouri M,Hatam G, Habibi P, Abdolahi Khabisiet S.Performance of an ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay in Serological Diagnosis of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2014; 2014: 4. 69. Sadeghian G, Ziaei H, Shirani Bidabadi L, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Evaluation of Leishmanin Skin Test Reaction in Different Variants of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Indian J Dermatol. 2013; 58(3): 239. 70. Manzur A, Bari Au. Sensitivity of leishmanin skin test in patients of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Dermatol Online J. 2006; 30;12(4):2. 71. Mikita K, Maeda T, Yoshikawa S, Ono T, Miyahira Y, Kawana A. The Direct Boil-LAMP method: A simple and rapid diagnostic method for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int. 2014;63(6): 785-789. 72. Mori Y, Kanda H, Notomi T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): recent progress in research and development. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19(3): 404-411. 73. Niazi A, Jorjani ON, Nikbakht H, Gill P. A Nanodiagnostic Colorimetric Assay for 18S rRNA of Leishmania Pathogens using Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification and Gold Nanorods. Molecular Diagnosis &Therapy. 2013;17(6): 363-370. 74. Bennis I, Verdonck K, El Khalfaoui N, Riyad M, Fellah H, Dujardin JC, Sahibi H, Bouhout S, Auwera G, Boelaert M. Accuracy of a Rapid Diagnostic Test Based on Antigen Detection for the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Patients with Suggestive Skin Lesions in Morocco. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99(3): 716-722. 75. Mouatcho JC , Goldring JPD. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62(10): 1491-1505. 76. Sundar S. Chakravarty J.An update on pharmacotherapy for leishmaniasis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2015; 16(2): 237-252. 77. Mohebali M, Fotouhi A, Hooshmand B, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Rahnema A, et al. Comparison of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) by a randomized clinical trial in Iran. Acta Tropica. 2007; 103(1): 33-40. 78. Sadeghian G. Nilforoushzadeh MA. Effect of combination therapy with systemic glucantime and pentoxifylline in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2006; 45(7): 819-21. 79. Arevalo I, Tulliano G, Quispe A, Spaeth G, Matlashewski G, Llanos-Cuentas A, et al. Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumineantimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44(12):1549-54. 80. Salmanpour R F, Handjani- Nouhpisheh MK. Comparative study of the efficacy of oral ketoconazole with intra-lesionalmeglumineantimoniate (Glucantime) for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2001;12(3): 159-62. 81. El-Sayed M, Anwar AE. Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study. J EurAcad DermatolVenereol. 2010; 24(3): 335-40. 82. Layegh P, Rajabi O, Jafari MR, Emamgholi Tabar Malekshah P, Moghiman T, Ashraf H, et al. Efficacy of Topical Liposomal Amphotericin B versus Intralesional MeglumineAntimoniate (Glucantime) in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res. 2011: 656523. 83. Wortmann, G, Zapor M, Ressner R, Fraser S, Hartzell J, Pierson J, et al. Lipsosomal amphotericin B for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010; 83(5): 1028-1033. 84. Asilian, A, Sadeghinia A, Faghihi G, Momeni A.Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2004; 43(4):281-3. 85. Kadir MA,Aswad HS, Al-samarai AM, Al-Mula GA.Comparison between the efficacy of ivermectin and other drugs in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Iraqi Vet Sci. 2009;23,175–180. 86. Oliveira, M.B, Calixto G, Graminha M , CerecettoH, GonzalezM, ChorilliM.Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Performance of Fluconazole-Loaded Microemulsionsfor the Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Bio Med Research International. 2015; 2015:12. 87. Sifontes-Rodriguez S,Monzote-Fidalgo L, Castanedo-Cancio N, Montalvo-Alvarez AM, Lopez-Hernandez Y, Diogo NM, et al. The efficacy of 2-nitrovinylfuran derivatives against Leishmania in vitro and in vivo. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(2): 166-173. 88. Ribeiro, T.G,Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Valadares DG, Franca JR, Rodrigues LB, Duarte MC, et al. Novel targeting using nanoparticles: an approach to the development of an effective anti-leishmanial drug-delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2014;9: 877-890. 89. Gardlo K, Horska Z, Enk CD, Rauch L, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by photodynamic therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 48(6):893-6. 90. Kassi M, Kasi P M, Marri S M, Tareen I, Khawar T.Vector control in cutaneous leishmaniasis of the old world: a review of literature.Dermatol Online J. 2008;14(6): 1. 91. Nilforoushzade MA, Firooz AR, Shirani-bidabadi L, Saber S, Moradi Sh, Hosseini M. Efficacy of integrated pest management in controlling and preventing zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan province,Iran. J Uni Isfahan Med Sci. 2012;29:173 92. Khoobdel M, Fajrak H, Ladoni H, Shayeghi M, Asadzadeh R. A new Method for military Personel protection against Insects. J Mil Med.2003;5(2):147-55. 93. Khoobdel M, Shayeghi M, Mehrabi A T, Abaei M R, Rafiei F, Rasi Y, et al. Effect of washing factor on durability and contact toxicity of permethrin impregnated in military uniforms. J Mil Med. 2009; 10 (4) :253-261. 94. Pennetier C, Chabi J, Martin T, Chandre F, Rogier C, Hougard J-M, Pages F.New protective battle-dress impregnated against mosquito vector bites. Parasites & Vectors 2010;3(1): 81. 95. Warburg A, Faiman R. Research priorities for the control of phlebotomine sand flies. J VECTOR ECOL. 2011; 36(s1): S10-S16. 96. Tetreault G.E, Zayed AE, Hanafi HA, Beavers GM, Zeichner BC. Susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in North Africa and the Middle East.J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2001; 17(1): p. 23-7. 97. Claborn DM. The biology and control of leishmaniasis vectors. J Global Infect Dis. 2010; 2(2): 127-134. 98. Jalouk L, Ahmed M Al, GradoniL, Maroli M. Insecticide-treated bednets to prevent anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo Governorate, Syria: results from two trials .Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(4): 360-7. 99. Alexander B, Maroli M. Control of phlebotomine sandflies.Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17(1): p.1-18. 100. Kroeger A, Avila EV, Morison L. Insecticide impregnated curtains to control domestic transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2002;325 (7368): 810-813. 101. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Jalai-Zand AR, Akhavan AA, Arandain MH, et al. Evaluation of deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets and curtains for control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area of Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006;99(1):43-8. 102. Sirak-Wizeman M M, Faiman R, Al-Jawabreh A, Warburg A. Control of phlebotomine sandflies in confined spaces using diffusible repellents and insecticides. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22(4): 405-412. 103. Bray DP , Carter V, Alves G B, Brazil R P, Bandi KK, Hamilton JG. Synthetic Sex Pheromone in a Long-Lasting Lure Attracts the Visceral Leishmaniasis Vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, for up to 12 Weeks in Brazil. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014; 8(3):e2723. 104. Nadim A. Research on Control Strategies for the Leist-Ttaniases. In: Walton B, Wijeyarertne PM, Modabber F, editors. Leishmanization in the Islamic Republic of Iran. International Development Research Center IDRC-MR 184e, Ottawa, 1988, 336-69. 105. Mahmodzade A, Mohaghegh Hazrati S, Sobati H, Faghihzade S. Evaluation immunization Leishmanization in arme forces. Kowsar Medical Journal. 1997;2(4):275-281. 106. Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar-bidruni G, Ghorbani M. Effectiveness of leishmanization in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1983; 76(4): 377-83 107. Hamidi farahani R, Tajik AR, Keshvarz A, Rajabi J, Hosseini shokoh J. Investigation of Leishmaniasis Outbreak in Military Personnel Referring to Zanjan 554 Nazaja Hospital. Ann Mil Health Sci Res. 2011;9(2):105-109. 108. Piroozi B, Moradi G, Alinia C, Mohamadi P, Gouya M M, Nabavi M, et al. Incidence, Burden, and Trend of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis over Four Decades in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2019; 48, 28-35. 109. Rafati N, Shapuri moghadam A, Ghorbani R. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan (2000-2006). Koomesh. 2007;8(4):247-54 110. Dawit G, Girma Z, Simenew K. A Review on Biology, Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Leishmaniasis. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2013;4:166. 111. WHO: Syrian Arab Republic: Regional Situation Reports.2014. Available: http://www. emro.who. int/syr/ information-resources/regional-situation-reports.html.Accessed 29 August 2014. 112..P ourmohammadi B , Motazedian M, Hatam G, Kalantari M, Habibi P, Sarkari B. Comparison of three methods for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 2010; 5(4): p. 1-8. 113. Croft SL, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006; 19: 111–126.