عفونت‌های ویروسی نوپدید و بازپدید به عنوان تهدید زیستی برای امنیت ملی و راهبردهای مدیریت و کنترل

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات ویروس شناسی کاربردی، پژوهشکده فناوری های زیست پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بقیه الله (عج)، تهران، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

10.30491/jmm.2026.1007053.1474

چکیده

پس از آغاز قرن بیست‌ویکم، جهان شیوع عفونت‌های ویروسی نوپدید و بازپدید متعددی را تجربه کرده است. این شیوع‌ها علاوه بر تهدید سلامت عمومی، پیامدهای عمیق اقتصادی، اجتماعی، نظامی و امنیتی به همراه داشته و ثبات و امنیت ملی کشورها را با چالش‌هایی مواجه کرده‌اند. هدف این مقاله‌ی مروری روایتی، بررسی تهدیدهای ویروس‌های نوپدید و بازپدید بر ارکان اصلی امنیت ملی است. این مطالعه با بررسی اسناد و منابع مرتبط، ابتدا ویژگی‌هایی که ویروس‌های نوپدید و بازپدید را به بحرانی امنیتی تبدیل می‌کنند، مورد ارزیابی قرار داده است. سپس، با به‌کارگیری نمونه‌های موردی از همه‌گیری‌های ویروسی اخیر، تأثیر این تهدیدات را بر چهار رکن کلیدی امنیت ملی (نظامی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی) استنتاج و تبیین کرده است. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ویژگی‌هایی مانند سرعت انتشار بالا، مرگ‌و‌میر قابل‌توجه، عدم‌آمادگی سیستم‌های بهداشتی و ایجاد ترس گسترده، توان تبدیل یک همه‌گیری ویروسی را به یک بحران امنیتی دارند. نمونه‌های موردی، تأثیرات مخرب این بحران‌ها را بر کاهش آمادگی نظامی، ایجاد رکود اقتصادی، تشدید شکاف‌های اجتماعی و تضعیف حاکمیت قانون به‌وضوح نشان می‌دهند. همچنین، دشواری تشخیص بین یک شیوع طبیعی و یک حمله‌ بیوتروریستی، لزوم تقویت مکانیسم‌های نظارتی و پاسخ‌گویی را آشکار می‌سازد. در جهان به‌هم‌پیوسته‌ی امروز، امنیت سلامت و امنیت ملی ارتباطی ناگسستنی دارند. به‌کارگیری رویکرد «سلامت واحد»، سرمایه‌گذاری در فناوری‌های نوین تشخیص و پایش، بهبود حکمرانی برای پاسخ‌های مؤثر و شفاف، و تقویت همکاری‌های بین‌المللی از جمله اقدامات کلیدی پیشنهادی هستند. نادیده گرفتن این ارتباط و عدم برنامه‌ریزی جامع می‌تواند در آینده منجر به بحران‌های امنیتی جدی‌تری گردد.

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