Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430The necessity of policy change in the effective holding of hospital crisis and disaster risk management committees based on accreditation standardsThe necessity of policy change in the effective holding of hospital crisis and disaster risk management committees based on accreditation standards26182619100129410.30491/jmm.2025.1006808.1284FAAdelEftekhariDepartment of Nursing, Meybod School of Medical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranJournal Article20250101Hospitals, as vital centers for providing medical services, are at the forefront of facing these crises. Despite the importance of ensuring the implementation of disaster risk management standards, field surveys, existing reports, and studies indicate that Iranian hospitals have low to moderate preparedness to deal with disasters and accidents. Ensuring the implementation of disaster risk management standards in hospitals should be considered among the main concerns of managers at the macro and operational levels. Disaster risk management committees have been a neglected element that is a fundamental pillar of hospitals in increasing preparedness, coordination, and effective response during crises. The lack of knowledge among hospital managers in the field of disaster risk management, the absence of a specific position for the secretaries of this committee, the lack of experts and specialists among the committee members, the multi-sector nature of disaster risk management, and the need for internal and external coordination are among the elements that should be considered by the management team at the macro and hospital levels in strengthening the crisis preparedness system.Hospitals, as vital centers for providing medical services, are at the forefront of facing these crises. Despite the importance of ensuring the implementation of disaster risk management standards, field surveys, existing reports, and studies indicate that Iranian hospitals have low to moderate preparedness to deal with disasters and accidents. Ensuring the implementation of disaster risk management standards in hospitals should be considered among the main concerns of managers at the macro and operational levels. Disaster risk management committees have been a neglected element that is a fundamental pillar of hospitals in increasing preparedness, coordination, and effective response during crises. The lack of knowledge among hospital managers in the field of disaster risk management, the absence of a specific position for the secretaries of this committee, the lack of experts and specialists among the committee members, the multi-sector nature of disaster risk management, and the need for internal and external coordination are among the elements that should be considered by the management team at the macro and hospital levels in strengthening the crisis preparedness system.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001294_b51d81f114e3b36614be5b05333a81b7.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430Artificial Intelligence in Military Medicine: A Comprehensive Review and Future DirectionsArtificial Intelligence in Military Medicine: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions26202637100129810.30491/jmm.2025.1006856.1321FAFatemehBahramnezhadNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMostafaAkbariqomiTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMasoudArabfardChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHosnyMaher-SultanCollege of Nursing, Gulf Medical University, United Arab EmiratesAmirVahedian-azimiNursing department, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20250402<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Military medicine operates within uniquely complex and resource-constrained environments, where rapid, precise, and adaptive healthcare delivery is critical. Artificial intelligence (AI), leveraging advanced computational models and data-driven algorithms, offers transformative potential to enhance clinical decision-making, operational efficiency, and logistical support in these high-stakes settings. This narrative review critically examines the current and emerging applications of AI in military medicine, focusing on technological innovations, ethical imperatives, and operational challenges to provide a comprehensive and authoritative synthesis.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> A systematic narrative review was conducted by querying multidisciplinary databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search strategies combined AI-specific terminologies (e.g., machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing) with military medicine contexts (e.g., combat casualty care, telemedicine, medical robotics). Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed studies, government white papers, and expert consensus documents published up to April 1, 2025. Dual independent screening and full-text review yielded 65 rigorously selected sources. The PRISMA 2020 framework guided the review process.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The applications of artificial intelligence in military medicine encompass prevention, battlefield diagnostics, automated triage, robotic-assisted surgery, mental health analytics, predictive logistics, immersive training simulations, and rehabilitation. Key technological advances include convolutional neural networks for trauma imaging, reinforcement learning for casualty prioritization, AI-enabled biosurveillance, and generative AI for scenario-based training. These innovations have demonstrated improvements in diagnostic accuracy, operational responsiveness, and resource optimization under combat conditions. While AI offers substantial benefits, its integration necessitates stringent safeguards addressing data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the preservation of human-in-the-loop oversight. Ethical frameworks and comprehensive education programs are critical to ensure responsible deployment and to foster trust among military healthcare providers.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI represents a pivotal enabler for advancing military medical capabilities. Realizing its full potential requires interdisciplinary collaboration, robust ethical governance, and continuous innovation tailored to the operational complexities of military healthcare environments.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Military medicine operates within uniquely complex and resource-constrained environments, where rapid, precise, and adaptive healthcare delivery is critical. Artificial intelligence (AI), leveraging advanced computational models and data-driven algorithms, offers transformative potential to enhance clinical decision-making, operational efficiency, and logistical support in these high-stakes settings. This narrative review critically examines the current and emerging applications of AI in military medicine, focusing on technological innovations, ethical imperatives, and operational challenges to provide a comprehensive and authoritative synthesis.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> A systematic narrative review was conducted by querying multidisciplinary databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search strategies combined AI-specific terminologies (e.g., machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing) with military medicine contexts (e.g., combat casualty care, telemedicine, medical robotics). Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed studies, government white papers, and expert consensus documents published up to April 1, 2025. Dual independent screening and full-text review yielded 65 rigorously selected sources. The PRISMA 2020 framework guided the review process.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The applications of artificial intelligence in military medicine encompass prevention, battlefield diagnostics, automated triage, robotic-assisted surgery, mental health analytics, predictive logistics, immersive training simulations, and rehabilitation. Key technological advances include convolutional neural networks for trauma imaging, reinforcement learning for casualty prioritization, AI-enabled biosurveillance, and generative AI for scenario-based training. These innovations have demonstrated improvements in diagnostic accuracy, operational responsiveness, and resource optimization under combat conditions. While AI offers substantial benefits, its integration necessitates stringent safeguards addressing data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the preservation of human-in-the-loop oversight. Ethical frameworks and comprehensive education programs are critical to ensure responsible deployment and to foster trust among military healthcare providers.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI represents a pivotal enabler for advancing military medical capabilities. Realizing its full potential requires interdisciplinary collaboration, robust ethical governance, and continuous innovation tailored to the operational complexities of military healthcare environments.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001298_6ba889fb73ee3ff87b2031d1b2ea73ca.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430Optimizing Performance in Rescue and Relief Forces: A Review of Physical Fitness and Job SuccessOptimizing Performance in Rescue and Relief Forces: A Review of Physical Fitness and Job Success26382650100129510.30491/jmm.2025.1006800.1275FAAbolfazlShakibaeeResearch Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, IranEhsanArabzadehExercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2907-9798FatemehRahmatiHealth Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241214Some jobs involve demanding physical tasks and strenuous physical activities that require increasing and improving physical fitness. Examples of such jobs include operational and rescue personnel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of physical fitness in improving the job performance of rescue forces based on a review of past literature. The review discusses the literature of past studies in the field of increasing physical fitness and job performance in rescue forces. The databases Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and SID were searched using relevant keywords up to 2025. Additionally, the references of the extracted articles were manually searched. The results of the studies showed that increasing the physical fitness of rescue workers can improve their job performance and psychological fitness. It also seems that the forces working in relief and rescue groups need to engage in sports and increase physical fitness to prevent skeletal injuries and increase well-being. Therefore, physical fitness in rescue and rescue forces is one of the main components for employment, as every rescue force requires high physical and mental fitness to face numerous accidents. However, due to the issue's importance, investigating the level of physical fitness of rescue and rescue forces and its relationship with success in rescue operations and job performance requires more studies. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial role of physical fitness in enhancing job performance among rescue and relief forces. Future studies should focus on developing tailored training programs that not only improve physical fitness but also integrate psychological well-being strategies to optimize overall performance. Additionally, longitudinal research could explore how sustained physical activity impacts injury prevention and long-term career longevity in these demanding professions.Some jobs involve demanding physical tasks and strenuous physical activities that require increasing and improving physical fitness. Examples of such jobs include operational and rescue personnel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of physical fitness in improving the job performance of rescue forces based on a review of past literature. The review discusses the literature of past studies in the field of increasing physical fitness and job performance in rescue forces. The databases Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Google Scholar, and SID were searched using relevant keywords up to 2025. Additionally, the references of the extracted articles were manually searched. The results of the studies showed that increasing the physical fitness of rescue workers can improve their job performance and psychological fitness. It also seems that the forces working in relief and rescue groups need to engage in sports and increase physical fitness to prevent skeletal injuries and increase well-being. Therefore, physical fitness in rescue and rescue forces is one of the main components for employment, as every rescue force requires high physical and mental fitness to face numerous accidents. However, due to the issue's importance, investigating the level of physical fitness of rescue and rescue forces and its relationship with success in rescue operations and job performance requires more studies. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial role of physical fitness in enhancing job performance among rescue and relief forces. Future studies should focus on developing tailored training programs that not only improve physical fitness but also integrate psychological well-being strategies to optimize overall performance. Additionally, longitudinal research could explore how sustained physical activity impacts injury prevention and long-term career longevity in these demanding professions.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001295_dc744b0c2ade79d2032e0bb457e1a2a0.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430Facilitators and Barriers Affecting Patients' Informed Consent: A Scoping ReviewFacilitators and Barriers Affecting Patients' Informed Consent: A Scoping Review26512660100129910.30491/jmm.2025.1006796.1272FASanazZarinHealth Economic Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMohammadkarimBahadoriHealth Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranKhalilAlimohammadzadehDepartment of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Health Economic Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2376-9256Journal Article20241207<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Obtaining informed consent from patients is one of the fundamental pillars in providing health and medical services, which helps uphold patients' rights and improve the quality of care. This study aimed to identify and examine the barriers and facilitators to obtaining patients' informed consent.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This study employed a scoping review method using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The databases reviewed included PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID. After excluding unrelated articles, 47 relevant studies were included in the final analysis.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Facilitators of informed consent were categorized into three levels: individual, interpersonal, organizational, and environmental. Conversely, barriers affecting informed consent were classified into seven components: communicational, economic, psychological, cultural and social, organizational, legal and ethical, and informational.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To enhance informed consent among patients, it is crucial to identify and address existing barriers while strengthening facilitators. This requires close collaboration among physicians, healthcare staff, families, and patients themselves. By fostering a supportive and educational environment, we can empower patients to make more informed decisions, thereby improving the overall quality of health and medical services.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Obtaining informed consent from patients is one of the fundamental pillars in providing health and medical services, which helps uphold patients' rights and improve the quality of care. This study aimed to identify and examine the barriers and facilitators to obtaining patients' informed consent.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This study employed a scoping review method using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. The databases reviewed included PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID. After excluding unrelated articles, 47 relevant studies were included in the final analysis.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Facilitators of informed consent were categorized into three levels: individual, interpersonal, organizational, and environmental. Conversely, barriers affecting informed consent were classified into seven components: communicational, economic, psychological, cultural and social, organizational, legal and ethical, and informational.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To enhance informed consent among patients, it is crucial to identify and address existing barriers while strengthening facilitators. This requires close collaboration among physicians, healthcare staff, families, and patients themselves. By fostering a supportive and educational environment, we can empower patients to make more informed decisions, thereby improving the overall quality of health and medical services.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001299_0ddd68805dcd101b30478984ec271c31.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430Investigating the Relationship between Obesity, Sleep Quality, Sleep Quantity, and Insomnia in Military PersonnelInvestigating the Relationship between Obesity, Sleep Quality, Sleep Quantity, and Insomnia in Military Personnel26612667100129610.30491/jmm.2025.1006747.1234FAMahdiGhorbani HesaryStudents Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMaryamTaghdirDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranKarimParastoueiDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranYousefAlimohamadiDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFatemehRahmatiHealth Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,IranJournal Article20240922<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and nutritional factors and has many negative effects on physical and mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity, sleep quality, sleep quantity, and insomnia in military personnel.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted among the armed forces. Demographic information (gender, age, education level, marital status) was evaluated through observation and interviews. Anthropometric indices such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were also measured. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep quality, insomnia severity, and sleep quantity, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was employed to evaluate the data.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results of the present study, the average body mass index (BMI) among the staff was 26.47, with 23.8% classified as obese. Only 27.3% of the participants had adequate sleep quality; however, in terms of sleepiness, more than half of the participants (53.8%) were in a normal state. The results indicated an inverse relationship between obesity and sleep quantity (r=0.121, <em>P</em>=0.041) and sleep quality (r=0.163, <em>P</em>=0.006). Additionally, a direct relationship between obesity and insomnia (r=0.116, <em>P</em>=0.039) was observed.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study suggest that the majority of military personnel do not have good sleep quality, and that poor sleep quality and quantity may increase the incidence of obesity.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Obesity is influenced by genetic, behavioral, and nutritional factors and has many negative effects on physical and mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity, sleep quality, sleep quantity, and insomnia in military personnel.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted among the armed forces. Demographic information (gender, age, education level, marital status) was evaluated through observation and interviews. Anthropometric indices such as height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were also measured. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires were used to evaluate sleep quality, insomnia severity, and sleep quantity, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was employed to evaluate the data.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> According to the results of the present study, the average body mass index (BMI) among the staff was 26.47, with 23.8% classified as obese. Only 27.3% of the participants had adequate sleep quality; however, in terms of sleepiness, more than half of the participants (53.8%) were in a normal state. The results indicated an inverse relationship between obesity and sleep quantity (r=0.121, <em>P</em>=0.041) and sleep quality (r=0.163, <em>P</em>=0.006). Additionally, a direct relationship between obesity and insomnia (r=0.116, <em>P</em>=0.039) was observed.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study suggest that the majority of military personnel do not have good sleep quality, and that poor sleep quality and quantity may increase the incidence of obesity.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001296_672c507991b2ef0677a19a9d3518182f.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430Designing a Model for Veterans' Health Services Referral System in IranDesigning a Model for Veterans' Health Services Referral System in Iran26682676100129710.30491/jmm.2025.1006748.1237FAAhmadTaymournejadDepartment of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSeyed MojtabaHosseiniDepartment of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMehrnooshJafariDepartment of Health Services Management, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranKhalilAli MohammadzadehDepartment of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Health Economics Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2376-9256AliMaherDepartment of Management, Economics and Health Policy, School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241004<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>The provision of services and referrals within the health system is an approach designed to enhance community access to health services. Veterans require specialized health and medical care due to their exposure to combat conditions and military environments. Therefore, this research aimed to study providing health services to veterans in the referral system and designing a model for the referral system of veterans' health services in Iran.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This research was conducted qualitatively using the Delphi technique in three stages. The participants consisted of fifteen experts in the features of referral systems for veterans' health services, selected through a targeted approach based on the snowball method.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results indicate that several factors influence the referral system for veterans' health services. These include information technology and electronic infrastructure, legal and policy considerations, geographic and demographic factors, effective management and resource allocation, performance monitoring of the referral system, as well as cultural development and education.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Effective planning and cultural development should be implemented in the veterans' health referral system. Policymakers involved in urban family programs should focus on health system policymaking and the structure of the insurance system. Additionally, there must be proper coordination between primary care and specialized care within the veterans' health referral system.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>The provision of services and referrals within the health system is an approach designed to enhance community access to health services. Veterans require specialized health and medical care due to their exposure to combat conditions and military environments. Therefore, this research aimed to study providing health services to veterans in the referral system and designing a model for the referral system of veterans' health services in Iran.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This research was conducted qualitatively using the Delphi technique in three stages. The participants consisted of fifteen experts in the features of referral systems for veterans' health services, selected through a targeted approach based on the snowball method.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results indicate that several factors influence the referral system for veterans' health services. These include information technology and electronic infrastructure, legal and policy considerations, geographic and demographic factors, effective management and resource allocation, performance monitoring of the referral system, as well as cultural development and education.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Effective planning and cultural development should be implemented in the veterans' health referral system. Policymakers involved in urban family programs should focus on health system policymaking and the structure of the insurance system. Additionally, there must be proper coordination between primary care and specialized care within the veterans' health referral system.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001297_452d9beaac53802faa00bdca01878516.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430The Effect of 12 Weeks of Uphill, Downhill, and Combined Training on Some Bio-motor Factors of Male SprintersThe Effect of 12 Weeks of Uphill, Downhill, and Combined Training on Some Bio-motor Factors of Male Sprinters26772684100130010.30491/jmm.2025.1006761.1246FAShivaRashtianiDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, IranNabiShamsaeiDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, IranHadiAbdiDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241025<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Speed and agility are fundamental components of athletic success, particularly in sprinting. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week training program involving uphill, downhill, and combined (uphill + downhill) running on the speed and agility of young male sprinters.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Forty male sprinters specializing in 100, 200, and 400 meters, aged 18–25 years, with at least one year of consistent training and participation in national championships, were purposively selected and randomly allocated into four groups: uphill training, downhill training, combined training, and a control group. The training protocol spanned 12 weeks, with three sessions per week. Each session comprised 8 repetitions of 100-meter interval runs at an intensity of 50%–70% of maximum heart rate during the first 6 weeks, increasing to 70%–80% in the subsequent 6 weeks. Rest intervals ranged from 3 to 5 minutes, and the slope was maintained at 5.8 degrees. Speed was assessed using the 36.5-meter (40-yard) sprint test, while agility was evaluated using the Illinois agility test. Measurements were taken during the pre-test and 72 hours after the final training session.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Significant speed improvements were observed in all training intervention groups compared to the control group (<em>P</em>≤0.05), with no significant differences among the uphill, downhill, and combined training groups (<em>P</em>≥0.05). Similarly, agility performance significantly improved in the training groups compared to the control group (<em>P</em>≤0.05), but no significant differences were found among the training groups (<em>P</em>≥0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings demonstrate that uphill, downhill, and combined training modalities are equally effective in enhancing speed and agility in young male sprinters. These results suggest that incorporating such training methods into sprinters' preparation programs can be beneficial for optimizing athletic performance.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Speed and agility are fundamental components of athletic success, particularly in sprinting. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week training program involving uphill, downhill, and combined (uphill + downhill) running on the speed and agility of young male sprinters.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Forty male sprinters specializing in 100, 200, and 400 meters, aged 18–25 years, with at least one year of consistent training and participation in national championships, were purposively selected and randomly allocated into four groups: uphill training, downhill training, combined training, and a control group. The training protocol spanned 12 weeks, with three sessions per week. Each session comprised 8 repetitions of 100-meter interval runs at an intensity of 50%–70% of maximum heart rate during the first 6 weeks, increasing to 70%–80% in the subsequent 6 weeks. Rest intervals ranged from 3 to 5 minutes, and the slope was maintained at 5.8 degrees. Speed was assessed using the 36.5-meter (40-yard) sprint test, while agility was evaluated using the Illinois agility test. Measurements were taken during the pre-test and 72 hours after the final training session.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Significant speed improvements were observed in all training intervention groups compared to the control group (<em>P</em>≤0.05), with no significant differences among the uphill, downhill, and combined training groups (<em>P</em>≥0.05). Similarly, agility performance significantly improved in the training groups compared to the control group (<em>P</em>≤0.05), but no significant differences were found among the training groups (<em>P</em>≥0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings demonstrate that uphill, downhill, and combined training modalities are equally effective in enhancing speed and agility in young male sprinters. These results suggest that incorporating such training methods into sprinters' preparation programs can be beneficial for optimizing athletic performance.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001300_a4be92b6076cfd2ad6d78dca85786b53.pdfBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesJournal of Military Medicine1735-153727120250430The Effect of Using Cold Dialysis Solution on Hemodialysis Adequacy in Patients with End-Stage Renal DiseaseThe Effect of Using Cold Dialysis Solution on Hemodialysis Adequacy in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease26852695100130110.30491/jmm.2025.1006772.1254FAAliHosseinzadehResearch Committee, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAbolfazlRahimiNursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranRobabeKhaliliNursing Care Research Center, Clinical Science Institute and Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, IranTehran, IranAliTayebiNephrology and Urology Research Center and Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranMohammadNikpour AghdamNephrology and Urology Research Group, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241111<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Hemodialysis in patients with renal failure often presents challenges, such as reduced treatment efficacy, which can lead to various complications for those undergoing this therapy. As a result, implementing interventions to enhance the adequacy of hemodialysis appears crucial. This study aimed to examine the effect of using a cold dialysis solution on both subjective and objective adequacy of hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This research was conducted as a randomized clinical trial involving 82 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Baqiyatallah and Milad hospitals in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention group (41 patients) and the control group (41 patients). For four weeks, the intervention group underwent hemodialysis with a cold dialysis solution (temperature 35 °C), while the control group continued with a standard dialysis solution (temperature 37 °C). Data collection tools included a demographic information form, objective adequacy indexes of hemodialysis, and the Biniaz et al. (2019) subjective hemodialysis adequacy questionnaire, completed before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 26) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests with a significance level of <em>P</em><0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Initial analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the objective and subjective adequacy of hemodialysis prior to the intervention (<em>P</em>>0.05). However, post-intervention results indicated a significant improvement in both objective and subjective adequacy measures in the intervention group compared to the control group (<em>P</em><0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings, using a cold dialysis solution during hemodialysis can significantly enhance the subjective and objective adequacy of the treatment. Therefore, medical centers are recommended to consider adopting this approach for patients undergoing hemodialysis.<strong>Background and Aim: </strong>Hemodialysis in patients with renal failure often presents challenges, such as reduced treatment efficacy, which can lead to various complications for those undergoing this therapy. As a result, implementing interventions to enhance the adequacy of hemodialysis appears crucial. This study aimed to examine the effect of using a cold dialysis solution on both subjective and objective adequacy of hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This research was conducted as a randomized clinical trial involving 82 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Baqiyatallah and Milad hospitals in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the intervention group (41 patients) and the control group (41 patients). For four weeks, the intervention group underwent hemodialysis with a cold dialysis solution (temperature 35 °C), while the control group continued with a standard dialysis solution (temperature 37 °C). Data collection tools included a demographic information form, objective adequacy indexes of hemodialysis, and the Biniaz et al. (2019) subjective hemodialysis adequacy questionnaire, completed before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version 26) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests with a significance level of <em>P</em><0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Initial analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the objective and subjective adequacy of hemodialysis prior to the intervention (<em>P</em>>0.05). However, post-intervention results indicated a significant improvement in both objective and subjective adequacy measures in the intervention group compared to the control group (<em>P</em><0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the findings, using a cold dialysis solution during hemodialysis can significantly enhance the subjective and objective adequacy of the treatment. Therefore, medical centers are recommended to consider adopting this approach for patients undergoing hemodialysis.https://militarymedj.bmsu.ac.ir/article_1001301_f2a85cbadb8f686093e0569ec2881d65.pdf